2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题十三 特殊句式

1、 特殊句式在近几年高考题中所占分量居中，各套试题中至少有一道小题考查特殊句式。主要考查倒装句、省略替代、强调句以及感叹句和反意疑问句。一、倒装口诀速记：副词开头要倒装，人称代词则如常。only修饰副介状，位于句首半倒装。否定意义副连词，“既不也不”需倒装。表语前置主语长，衔接自然常倒装。such代词作表语，引起主谓要倒装。not only开头句，前一分句需倒装。had，were，should虚拟句，省略if半倒装。倒装分两类：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。实义动词、情态动词或be 动词放在主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。

2、如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1 全部倒装的情况使用场合 例句 备注 (1)there引导的存在句 There is a book in the bag. There came shouts for help from the river.常见动词有be, come, lie, happen, appear, seem, stand, exist, live, remain等。 1 / 25(2)在here, there, away, in, out, down, up, off, now, then开头的句子里 Here co

3、mes the bus.There goes the train. In rushed the children. Now comes your turn. 谓语常是表示方位或位移的不及物动词lie, live, sit, stand, be, come, go, run, rise等。主语是人称代词时，不倒装。如：Here we are. There he comes. (3)介词短语或方位词组作地点状语位于句首 Between the buildings stands a tall tree. South of the city lies a steel factory. From the

4、 village came a frightening sound. 使用场合 例句 备注 (4)代词such作表语，意为“这样的人，这样的物”，应置于句首 Such were the facts.Such was Albert Einstein. 主谓一致(5)平衡句子结构或使上下文衔接紧密They reached a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy. 主谓一致 2. 部分倒装的情况使用场合 例句 备注 (1)so, neither, nor开头的句子，表示“也一样、也不”I like sports, and so does my b

5、rother. If you go, so will I. He hasn't come, nor have his sisters. If you don't go, neither shall I. 使用正确的助动词。当so表示对前句内容的肯定和附和时，用自然语序。如：Tom works hard. So he does and so do you. (他的确很用功，你也是。)(2)含有否定意义的副词(词组)，如：never, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, at no time等置于句首时Hardly can I

6、 believe that. Seldom does he write to me. By no means shall we give up. Little did I know who he was. little作形容词，修饰主语时，仍用正常语序。如：Little Franz often played the piano.使用场合 例句 备注 (3)only修饰状语(从句)，并置于句首时，主句中要部分倒装Only when the rain stopped did the match start again. only修饰主语时不倒装。如：Only he can do it. (4)no

7、t onlybut (also)连接两个分句，not only置于句首 Not only should we study science, but also we should pay attention to politics. not only引导的部分要部分倒装，但but (also)部分不倒装。若not onlybut (also)连接两个主语，句子不倒装。 使用场合 例句 备注 (5)Not until HardlywhenNo soonerthanSothatSuchthatNot until yesterday did I realize what trouble he was

8、in. Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone rang. So angry was he that he couldn't speak. Such great progress did he make that he was praised.主倒从不倒，即主句部分用倒装语序，从句部分用陈述语序。 (6)省略if的虚拟条件句，将were，had, should 移至主语前 Were he (If he were ) here now, I could ask him. Should he (If he should) come,

9、 tell him to ring me up. 若条件句中不含were, had, should则不宜倒装。 使用场合 例句 备注 (7)祝愿句 May you succeed！  (8)as或though引导让步状语从句引起的倒装。句型是：表语/状语/动词原形as/though主语 Young as he is, he knows a lot.Much as I like it, I will not buy it. Try as he might，he could not find a job. though引导让步状语从句也可不倒装。表语前的冠词要省略。如：Hero as h

10、e is, he has some shortcomings. 二、省略在英语中，有时为了避免结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。英语中的省略要求不破坏语法结构，要保持句子意义的准确无误。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的，英语的省略大致有以下几种情况：1介词的省略一些与动词、名词或形容词一起搭配的介词常省略，而保留其后的动名词。常见的句型有：spend some time (in) doing sth.；be busy

11、(in) doing sth.；have difficulty (in) doing sth.；stop/prevent sb. (from) doing sth.2连词that 的省略I believe (that) he will come here. It's a pity (that) he will leave this city. 3定语从句与名词性从句中的省略 (1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom, which, that可省略。如：The teacher (who/whom/that) I talked with was Mr. Meng. (2) 在与

12、suggest, request, order, advise等词相关的名词性从句中，应用虚拟语气形式“should 动词原形”，should可以省略。如：She suggests that we (should) go at once. 4动词不定式省略，只保留to的场合。不定式作某些动词的宾语时，常见的动词有expect, refuse, mean, like, love, hope，want等。如：He went home that day though he didn't want to.三、反意疑问句1陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句当must作“必须”讲时，其反意疑问部分用

13、needn't；当含有mustn't(不允许、禁止)时，其反意疑问部分用must；当must表示推测，作“一定，准是”讲时，反意疑问部分的动词形式根据must后面的动词形式确定。如：You must go now, needn't you?你现在必须走，是不是？You mustn't smoke here, must you?你不能在这里吸烟，是吧？You must have watched that football match last night, didn't you? 你昨晚一定是看足球比赛了， 是吧？2陈述部分含有used to的反意疑问句陈

14、述部分含有used to时，其反意疑问部分用usedn't或didn't均可。如：You used to play football, usedn't/didn't you?你过去常常踢足球，是吗？3陈述部分含有ought to的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用oughtn't或shouldn't均可。如：He ought to attend the meeting, oughtn't/shouldn't he?他应该参加会议，是不是？4否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, scarcely, nev

15、er, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。如：He could hardly get up, could he?他几乎起不来了，是不是？5陈述部分含有表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词，其反意疑问部分一般用否定式。如：Mary dislikes sports, doesn't she?玛丽不喜欢体育运动，不是吗？6含有宾语从句的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有宾语从句时，疑问部分的主语应和主句的主语保持一致。但当主句是：I think，I believe, I suppose, I expect, I imagine等结构时，疑

16、问部分的主语和谓语动词均应和宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致。如：He said that he would come here on time, didn't he?I don't think he will come here on time, will he?7祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句后加附加问句，不表示反意，而表示一种语气。其结构为：否定祈使句，will you?肯定祈使句， will/won't you? Let's， shall we? Let us， will you？如：Open the door, will you?Let's go out

17、 for a walk, shall we?Let us go to school, will you?注意：(1)反意疑问句的回答不要看汉语如何翻译，只看所提到的事情是否发生。如果发生了，用肯定回答，否则用否定回答。如：当对方问你“You aren't a teacher, are you？”或“You are a teacher, aren't you？”时，如果你是老师，回答“Yes, I am. ”否则，回答“No, I am not. ”(2) 反意疑问句的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上需要注意的几种情况陈述部分主语反意疑问部分主语疑问部分谓语的数例句this, t

18、hatit单数This is a bike，isn't it？these, thosethey复数These are not your books, are they？everything, anything, something, nothingit单数Nothing has happened, has it？陈述部分主语反意疑问部分主语疑问部分谓语的数例句everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, anybody, anyone, anybody, none, neitherhe或they(更常见)单数或复数Nobody like

19、s to be laughed at, does he/do they？不定式、动名词、主语从句、其他短语it单数Learning English well takes a lot of time, doesn't it？there be句型there单数或复数There is no doubt about it, is there？There will be rain tomorrow, won't there？四、强调句一个句子中除谓语外的任何成分均可借助It bethat予以强调，被强调部分置于be之后。无论被强调的是人物时间地点还是方式一律用that, 只有强调人时也可

20、用who。被强调的人称代词主格或宾格如I /me，其形式不可变动，即被强调的任何成分必须原封不动地放到be之后。一个句子，如果将其中的It is/wasthat去掉，在不加减任何词语的情况下，语序稍作调整能构成一个完整正确的句子，便可以认定为强调句，否则就不是强调句。1【误】 Did he begin to learn English only when he was 30 years old. 【正】 He began to learn English only when he was 30 years old. 【解析】 当only和所修饰的状语位于句首时引起部分倒装，如果不在句首时，则不

21、倒装，此外，当only用于修饰名词或代词时，也不倒装，如：Only the grown­ups are allowed to see the film. 2【误】 Not only can he repair bikes but can he repair televisions.【正】 Not only can he repair bikes but he can repair televisions.【解析】 not onlybut (also)的部分倒装，其结构为：not only倒装语序，but also语序不变。此外，当not onlybut also位于句首连接两个并列的

22、主语时，主谓也不倒装，如：Not only I but also she will get married next year. 3【误】 I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot. So do I. 【正】 I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot. So it is with me. 【解析】 若前面为两个或两个以上的分句，表示不同的主语与前面有关的各种情况相同，往往用：so it is/was with 主语或者是it is/was the same with 主语。4【误】

23、A child as/though he is, he is very brave. 【正】 Child as/though he is, he is very brave. 【解析】 由as/though引导的表示“虽然，尽管”的让步状语从句用倒装语序，把从句的表语或状语等放在as/though的前面，但是如果从句中的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词。5【误】 Are you a sailor？No, but I used to. 【正】 Are you a sailor? No, but I used to be. 【解析】 动词不定式的省略：在同一句或联系紧密的对话里，常把不定式符号to

24、后内容相同的部分省略，只保留to，但如果省略的不定式内容有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形have 或be。6【误】 Are you and Jane getting married？We hope. 【正】 Are you and Jane getting married？We hope to. 【解析】 动词不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复，常承前省略不定式后的内容，但要保留不定式符号t

25、o。7【误】 I came not to scold but praise you. 【正】 I came not to scold but to praise you. 【解析】 在并列结构中为了避免重复，后一个to常省略，但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略。12009·辽宁卷 _ is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous. ASuch BThis CThat DSo【答案】 A2Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away_. Afleeing th

26、e boy Bwas fleeing the boyCthe boy was fleeing Dfled the boy【答案】 D3He is rather difficult to make friends with，but the friendship of his，_，is truer than any other.Aonce gained Bwhen to gainCafter gained Dwhile gaining【解析】 A这是once it is gained的省略，句意为：但是一旦获得了和他的友谊，要比其他人的要真诚得多。4Not until quite recently

27、 _ that language is closely related to culture.Ahe realized Bdid he realizeChad he realized Dhe did realize【解析】 Bnot until引导的短语置于句首，后面要用部分倒装结构，所以要排除A和D；此外，句子中没有明显的“过去的过去”标志词，所以不能用过去完成时，故C项也得排除。5Casey, _ to the classroom and see who it is there. AgoingBgoCto goDgone【解析】 B该题带有吩咐口吻，且Casey为呼语，因此题干应为祈使句，

28、即以动词原形开头。6I don't suppose anyone will be willing to do the hard job, _？Ado I Bdon't ICwill they Dwon't they【解析】 CI think/suppose/believe引导的宾语从句的反意疑问句，存在否定转移的习惯，且反意疑问句的主语应与从句主语一致，选C。72010·重庆卷 At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River _，one of the ten largest cit

29、ies in China. Alies Chongqing BChongqing lies Cdoes lie Chongqing Ddoes Chongqing lie【解析】 A考查倒装句。为了表示强调，把作状语的介词短语提到句首，此时句子采用完全倒装的语序。8Go straight into the cave and find out what's in it, _？Acan't you Bdon't you Care you Dwill you【解析】 D考查反意疑问句。这是一个祈使句，对祈使句构成反意疑问句用will you?92010·四川卷 We

30、 laugh at jokes，but seldom _ about how they work.Awe think Bthink we Cwe do think Ddo we think【解析】 D考查倒装用法。seldom，hardly，never，no等具有否定意义的词位于句首句子用部分倒装语序。10I've read three books this week. Well, maybe _ is not how much you read but what you read that counts. Athis Bthat Cthere Dit【解析】 D考查强调句型的用法。把

31、“_ is”和句中的that省略后，该句话依旧成立，由此可知该题是强调句型的结构，所以答案只能用it。11In Switzerland, six miles west of Geneva，_a collection of laboratory buildings. Alie Bare lying Clies Dlays【答案】 C12_in the root of his family that he decided to make a trip to Africa for further research. ASo interested Kunta wasBSo interested was

32、 KuntaCHow interested Kunta wasDKunta was such interested【解析】 B考查倒装句。sothat这个固定句式中的so及其修饰成分提到句首时，句子倒装，因此B项正确。132010·四川卷 If you have a job，_ yourself to it and finally you'll succeed. Ado devote Bdon't devoteCdevoting Dnot devoting【解析】 A考查祈使句用法。If引导从句，所以此处应该填入可以构成主句的词，这里是祈使句，do表示强调。14_fo

33、r the worst in advance and you won't be disappointed. APrepare BWhen preparingCHaving prepared DIf you prepare【解析】 A祈使句和and连用相当于条件状语从句的用法。原句If you prepare for the worst in advance，you won't be disappointed.15He has to finish the experiment today. He must be in the lab，_？That's quite poss

34、ible. Amustn't he Bwon't heCdoesn't he Disn't he【解析】 D该题考查反意疑问句。must be结构中的中心词应为be，且He must be in the lab相当于I think he is in the lab，故应用isn't he。1(2011·厦门市质量检查)It is the test system，rather than the teachers，_is to blame for the students heavy burden nowadays.Awho BthisCthat

35、Dwhom解析：考查强调句型。本句强调的是主语the test system而不是the teachers，因此不能用who，只能用that。答案：C2(2011·湖南十二校第二次联考)_she is not so cheerful_she used to be?AHow is it that；as BWhy is it that；whatCIs it why；that DHow it is that；as解析：考查强调句和状语从句。第一空是强调句的特殊疑问句部分；第二空为not so(as).as 固定句式。根据第二空的搭配可排除B、C两项；根据句意可知A项正确。句意为：她怎么不像

36、以前那样高兴了？答案：A3(2011·重庆诊断)I dont know_makes her different from others.Honesty，I think.Ahow is it thatBhow it is thatCwhat is it that Dwhat it is that解析：考查特殊句式。上一句的意思是“我不知道是什么让她与众不同”，what it is that makes her different from others 是know的宾语从句，因此要用陈述语序。从句是一个强调句，被强调部分是主语what。答案：D4(2011·日照市调研考试)I

37、 dont know how many years ago_people began to stay at home and civilization began.Ait was when Bit was thatCwas it that Dwas it when解析：考查强调句型。语意是：我不知道是多少年前人们开始呆在家中，文明由此开始。此句中被强调部分是how many years ago，去掉it was.that 之后句子的正常语序是I dont know how many years ago people began to stay at home and civilization

38、began。答案：B5(2011·福建毕业班检查)_made Daisy wild with joy?Her success in the A­level exam this year.AHow was it that BWhen was it thatCWhy was it that DWhat was it that解析：考查特殊疑问句的强调句型。特殊疑问句的强调句结构为：特殊疑问词beitthat，根据语意，此处表示“什么东西让Daisy欣喜若狂？”强调what ，故选D项。答案：D6(2010·山东潍坊月考)Girls used to take fewer

39、 advanced match courses than boys but now they are taking just_.Aas much Btoo muchCas many Dtoo many解析：考查形容词的比较等级和省略。本句补充完整为Girls used to take fewer advanced math courses than boys but now they are taking just as many advanced math courses as boys.故C项正确。答案：C7(2010·烟台二模)They landed safely on the

40、 island in the Pacific.Everything went on better than_.Aexpected BexpectingCexpectation Dto expect解析：考查省略句的用法。可以将than expected 看成是than it was expected 的省略。better than expected 为习惯用法，表示“比预期的好”。答案：A8(2010·西城5月)Mary was only too ready to help others，seldom，_，refusing them when they turned to him.A

41、if never Bif notCif any Dif ever解析：考查习语的用法。后半部分是对前半部分的进一步说明。句意为：玛丽总是乐于助人，如果有人向他求助，他很少拒绝别人。if ever “很少，难得”，符合句意。答案：D9(2010·苏州一模)The number of children who have lost parents to AIDS_to rise to over 26 million in 2011.Aare expected Bis expecting Care expecting Dis expected解析：本题考查主谓一致和动词语态。定语从句中的谓语

42、动词与先行词保持一致，the number of 意为“的数量”，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式，排除选项A和C；根据语境知，这个数量预计会上升，主语与expect之间是被动关系，故D项正确。答案：D10(2010·南京第三次模拟)What a pity！All his property，the books，the pictures and the house，_consumed by the big fire.Awere BwasChad been Dhave been解析：本题考查主谓一致和时态。本句的主语是All his property，property表示财产，是不可数名词，因

43、此谓语动词是单数形式。句中的the books，the pictures and the house 是同位语，对property 进行补充说明。事情发生在说话之前，故用一般过去时。答案：B11(2010·烟台四校联考)_the instructions on the packet when you take the drug and the drug，I think，will work soon.AFollow BTo followCFollowing DFollowed解析：考查祈使条件句。句意为：如果你服药的时候按照包装上的说明服用，我认为这种药会很快起作用的。此处的祈使句中含

44、有when引导的状语从句。I think 为插入语。此句实际上是“祈使句and/or陈述句”结构。祈使句中要用动词原形。答案：A12(2010·合肥第三次教学检测)_and the problem could be settled.AA bit more effort BTo make more effortCMaking more effort DIf you make more effort解析：考查句式。句中有并列连词and，因此前面应该是一个完整的并列句，结合选项此处应为“祈使句and陈述句”结构，前面的祈使句也可用名词代替。句意为：再多一点努力，问题就会得到解决。答案：A1

45、3(2010·锦州模拟)John as well as the other children who_no parents_good care of in the center.Ahave；is being taken Bhave；has takenChas；is taken Dhas；have been taken解析：考查主谓一致和动词时态，句意为：约翰同其他那些没有父母的孩子一起在这个中心受到很好的照顾。who引导的定语从句修饰other children所以谓语动词应是复数；名词1as well as/besides/with/together with ect.名词2时，谓语动词要根据就远原则由名词1决定，所以第二空谓语动词为单数，约翰正在受到照顾，因此用现在进行时的被动形式。答案：A14(2010·东城检测)The number of people，who have access to their own cars，_sharply in the past decade.Arose Bis risingChave risen Dhas risen解析：考查主谓一致和时态。本句的主语是the number，所以谓语动词用单数；in t