广外英美文学考试

1、英美文学总结妍仪：Characteristics of different literary schoolsNeo-Classicism: reason理性-order 次序(didactic, moralizing )Romanticism: emotion情感-individuality 个性(confessional) Realism: humanism人道-type典型(critical)Modernism: alienation异化-absurdity 荒诞 (nauseating, strange, awakening)Absurdity is a form of expressi

2、ng alienation, a mark of awakening and the beginning to realize the world truly.Postmodernism: deconstruction解构-playfulness 游戏(exaggerating, distorting, grotesque, fantastic to reveal the truth of life) like building toy bricks 积木. The Road Not Taken修辞：The poet Frost use Sustained metaphor/simil and

3、 extended metaphor. Sustained metaphor/simil: a metaphor which is developed by using two or more than two vehicles describe one tenor.Extended metaphor: a metaphor which is developed by a number of different figurative expressions. By using a sustained metaphor of the choice between the diverging ro

4、ads, the poet implies that all of us must take personal responsibility for choices and that our choices determine the course of our lives. By using an extended metaphor of the uncertainty of the two diverging roads, the poet implies the uncertainty of life.Robert Frosts style:Frosts poetry has been

5、considered deceptively simple, because profound ideas are usually delivered under the disguise of the plain language, the simple form, and effortless style. What Frost did is to take symbols from the limited human world and the pastoral landscape to refer to the great world beyond the rustic scene.I

6、n this poem, Frost take symbols of two different roads to represent choices made about one's life, especially about vocation. It indicates that the speaker takes on challenges, in this case, the life of a poet.In the poem, the poet reveals that the certainty of life is unknown at present and tha

7、t we have to face a lot of choices, and every choice we makes determines the couse of our lives and defines who we are. (In the poem, the poet reveals that the certainty of life is unknown at present. One has to wait to see the result of the choice until one's life is coming to an end. Then it w

8、ill be too late, for one cannot go back and live his life again. Frost acknowledges the limits of life, yet he indulges himself in the sentimental notion that we could be really different from what we have become, because life is unpredictable.)She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways-by William Wordswort

9、hWhich line in the last stanza creates a kind of perfect pathos (感伤，哀婉)? The last line creates a perfect pathos. It shows that Lucys death, though, is unnoticed by others and made no difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a

10、great pain and deep grief over her death. Now Lucy is in the grave and her lover is still living lonely on the earth, there will be no chance for him to communicate with her and to feel her beauty, so Lucys death is a great loss to him. In this way, the last line arouses our deep sympathy both for t

11、he girl and her lover.Meeting at Night & Parting at Morning -by Robert BrowningMeeting at NightLove is not the lasting place and a man need to face the actual daily life of worries and hard work.Parting at Morning Between romance and reality there is a vast expanse.邱青：The elements of fiction1. p

12、lot(exposition-rising action-crisis-falling action-resolution)2. character: protagonist; antagonistCharacterization through use of names/appearance/by authorCharacterization through dialogue/action3. setting4. point of view Omniscient third-person point of viewLimited third-person point of viewFirst

13、-person point of viewDramatic point of view5. theme6. symbol (tranditional original)7. allegory 比喻8. style-diction, syntax, tone, irony irony of situation dramatic ironyThe elements of poetry1. meter 格律2. phyme押韵3. alliteration 头韵4. assonance 元音韵5. consonance 尾韵6. blank verse7. free verse8. stanza f

14、orm 诗节形式A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceHemingway does not express feelings directly but chooses a series of objects or scenes or events to describe so as to arouse a certain specific idea or feeling in the readers mind through the external facts.“shadow” relaxed and casual mood; “light”: cosy, light hea

15、rted; “day”: reality which is chaotic and noisy; “night”: peaceful and quiet state; “dusty”: unpleasant; “dew”: clean and desirable; “deaf”: lack of communication, isolation;What does the word “nothing” means to the older waiter?“nothing”The younger waiter doesnt have the slightest conception of the

16、 special significance when he uses it in a careless and unspecialised way. But for the older waiter, the word “nothing” means hopelessness, meaninglessness and despair in life, which are so terrible and omnipotent that one once experiences, he would lie in the bed awake until daylight.What does the

17、word “insomnia” imply?“insomnia”, a physical disease or mental problem, may be a spiritual wound caused by despair, anxiety, alienation and nihilism.In the course of exploring the deeper meaning of life, Hemingway brings the human neurotic nature into readers attention. The hereditary nature of neur

18、osis of Hemingways heroes contributes proof to the conviction of naturalists that man is generally a threatened species. It implies that the older waiter unconsciously does not want to confront the chaotic world and shuts him away from reality by sleeping during daytime, or indulging in reverie. Mis

19、s BrillSymbols: 1. A leaf symbolizes loneliness, isolation and rootlessness. 2. The fur necklet and ermine toque embody the estranged, lonely old age that becomes withering, ugly, despised, unwanted by others as Miss Brill.Morning：Eveline JAMES JOYCE The most prominent stream-of-consciousness noveli

20、st Where is the epiphany?It occurs where Eveline suddenly realizes that she has the right to happiness and Frank will give her life and love as well (para. 18). But her epiphany is not complete, because she is awakened to her right but does not really take action to seek happiness.Stream of consciou

21、snessJoyce likes to use stream of consciousness, which allows the reader to move inside the minds of the characters, and vividly presents their thoughts and feelings on a continuous dream. The style is indirect free, because the author mainly uses free indirect thought presentation to catch a series

22、 of thoughts and images that switch rapidly back and forth between the present, the past and the future in the mind of the character. Here we observe events and get information through the consciousness of the character, through the quoted monologue, so the reader seems to be within her mind, and ha

23、s her inner vision. The flux of the character's thoughts, impressions, emotions or reminiscences, are recorded without logical order and chronological sequence. This technique helps the author illustrate how Eveline is in two minds in deciding to go or not. In reading the story, we have to do so

24、me imaginative work to recreate the events, but we can gain the illusion of being present to the private thoughts of Eveline. What are the character traits of Eveline? Intellectually, Eveline is timid in nature and hesitant or perplexed in determination and passive in action; in some way she is rath

25、er ignorant and conservative, devoid of self-assertion, but she is competent in arranging the housework. Morally, she is kind to people and dutiful and devoted to her family, filial to her parents. Emotionally, she is passionate to her brothers and nostalgic for the past and also eager for love. But

26、 at last she becomes apathetic, revealing the paralytic nature of Dubliners because of religious anaesthesia (麻醉) and her mental confusion and timidity.“The Glass Mountain” By Donald Barthelme What modernist devices are used in the story?(1) Repetition:It not only shows the playfulness of words and

27、the fictitiousness of story itself, but also interrupts the narrative. Readers are foretold about the climax of the story; so suspension treasured by conventions here is completely let slide by the writer. (2) Catalogues （目录）:The mixture of different catalogues, such as the professional colors, fabr

28、icated knights names and the acquaintances vulgar comments, successfully interrupts the sequence of plot, making itself an aspect of the difficulty in gaining access to Barthelmes fiction. (3) Collage (拼贴):There are interpenetration of false and real quotations or citations (sentence 56, 66,71). The

29、se citations can neither serve as a strong proof for the previous sentence, nor function as a transition in the context. Instead, they are like pieces of collage inlaid in the text, creating a sense of visual chaos and semantic absurdity. By using collage, Barthelme processes the commonplace and eve

30、n banal(陈腐的)and obsolete language or cliché in modern society, giving people a sense of freshness.(4) Parody（仿拟）This story is a parody of a Scandinavias fairy tale with the title “The Princess on the Glass Mountain”, which was later entitled “The Glass Mountain” edited by Andrew Lang. Both vers

31、ions of the “The Glass Mountain” are about the quest for something, either a symbol or a princess; both heroes climb the mountain with purpose; both of the them are caught by the guarding eagle; both of them reach the destination with the help of the eagle.But the purpose of Barthelmes parody is to

32、displace the archetypes in the tale and create the effect of irony. (5) Displacement（置换）1) Barthelme replaces the courageous, wonderful youth in the fairy tale with an sissy (女子气的), weak-hearted and fearful anti-hero image who lacks identity, and is laughed at, looked down upon and cursed by the spe

33、ctators.2）Barthelme locates the story in a chaotic modern world which is full of cruelty, violence, robbery, abuses, indifference, ugliness, agony, dogshit and where the trees are power-sawed for buildings, cars run everywhere and the very high office-like Skyscraper, glittering the cool blue light,

34、 stands in the dirty surroundings.3) Barthelme ironically displaces the significant symbols of the fairy tale in his story, like the knights, princess, eagle. So all the characters in Barthelmes version lose their original archetypal significance in a chaotic, absurd and meaningless world where peop

35、le have lost their hope and faith. (6) Subversion （颠覆）The ending of no real message and easy resolution in Barthelmes story”I” throws the princess who no longer has any symbolic meaning headfirst down the mountain to his greedy acquaintancesis at the polar opposite to the fairy tale. (7)Juxtapositio

36、n: In the story, different times and spaces interlace each other; “I” constantly moves from the real to the fictional world. 路雅：Wuthering house:Human nature: Heathcliff is a combination of fire and icethe conflict of social classesgender issuesHuman relations, especially man-woman relationshipHow do you think of Heathcliffs revenge?the conflict between Heathcliff and Hindley and Linton is the conflictbetween the privileged and the underdog, between the master and the hired hand.Heathcliff is abused, rejected and distorted by his social betters, He is fo