写作教程第二版(邹申)unit1 General(I)

1、Targeting General (I) - ParagraphWarm-up ActivitiesAdvantages1. convenient2. in an emergency3. save time4. information age5. grasp any chance to succeed6. play games surf the netDisadvantages1. expensive2. harmful radiation3. disturbing in public4. dangerous in driving5. ring in embarrassing moment6

2、. calls from strangers calls from advertising having a mobile phonePart II - Paragraph 1.How are my paragraphs going look to my readers ?2.How long should my paragraph be ?outside1.What is a paragraph supposed to do ?2.What should I keep in mind when I am writing one ?insideTo create a piece of writ

3、ing, we have to start with paragraph.II.1 Topic SentenceDefinition - A sentence that names the topic of the paragraph and contains a controlling idea is called T.S.Television programs for childrenhave become increasingly violent.Learning a foreign languageis more and more important for young people.

4、Cathyis the kindest neighbor I have ever known.The food we eathas a profound effect on our health.TopicControlling ideao 1. Selecting a general topico 2. Reading and thinkingo 3. Narrowing down the scope of your topic to a facets which can be developed into a research papero 4. Formulating the final

5、 topicChoosing a topicsubjecttopicIs my topic:o 1. too limited?o 2. too broad?o 3. too technical?o 4. yesterdays news?o 5. too controversial?o 6. likable enough?Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subject or topic?Try to tell what are those following sentences belongs to, subj

6、ect or topic?o 1. Alternative fuels.o 2. Henry Fords development of the assembly line resulted in the mass production of cars. o 3. Americas legal system.o 4. America needs a flat tax.o 5. Butterflies.o 6. Is intelligence determined by nature or by nurture?subjectsubjectsubjecttopictopictopicUnsatis

7、factory Topicso 1. The major poets, painters, and dramatists of the Renaissance:o - too board and can not be completed within the time allocatedUnsatisfactory Topicso 2. America should lower the drinking age.o - boring or written about too often.o 3. There are many different theories to explain the

8、disappearance of the dinosaurs.o -too broad and can not be completed within the time allocated.o 4. America needs stronger control laws.o - boring or written about too often.Unsatisfactory Topicso 5. Nanoscale “trees” improve efficiency in low-cost plastic solar cells.o - unfamiliar to you, so you c

9、an not write about it knowledgeably.Good Topicso 1. Media producers should prosecute people who download copyrighted musico 2. Students should be placed in classes according to their academic ability, not their age o 3. Why my father/ mother is my heroo 4. How to solve a quadratic equationInterestin

10、g, 2 sides (pro & against), sufficient informationUnusual, enough information, fresh, narrow & broad enoughInteresting, narrow, easy research, sufficient detailsClear-cut, narrow & broad enough, information available Try to do the exercises in P3Try to narrow down the scope and make them

11、 specific topics on which you can write a paper.o 1. General topic: 20th Century American Novelistso Restricted: o More restricted:o Topic chosen: o 2. General topic: The Lost Generation Writerso Restricted: o More restricted:o Topic chosen: Hemingway and His WorksHemingway and His Short StoriesOld

12、People in Hemingways Short StoriesF. Scott Fitzgeralds NovelsFitzgerald and His The Great GatsbyGatsbys Death and the Disillusionment of the American DreamCriteria for your final topico 1. meaningful and seriouso 2. within the range of your abilitieso 3. sufficient materials are availableo 4. can be

13、 treated objectivelyo 5. not too topical o There are some real examples of your former students.o One final suggestion: do not be too eager to settle on any single topic immediately. Youd better have 2-3 possibilities in mind.Criteria for your T.So 1. It is a complete sentence.o 2. It contains both

14、a topic and a controlling idea.o 3. It is neither too general nor too specific.o 4. It tells the reader what to expect in the paragraph.Sample 1 Find the T.S. One of the central preoccupations of arts and humanities is the observation of human beings. Painters and sculptors create images of the huma

15、n form; writers tell stories or compose poems about human experience; musical artists give melodic contours to the human spirit; historians and philosophers ponder the essential qualities of human civilization and nature. And in our own lives, in our own ways, we spend a great deal of our energy and

16、 attention on our fellow creatures, being in families and other kinds of relationships, observing people with curiosity and interest in the course of the day, thinking about and forming our own character- deciding what kind of person we wish to be- as we grow. -Don KnefelSample 2 Find the T.S. Shake

17、spearian characters live. They are no stilted creations intended to represent differing points of view. They are people, with all the usual human foibles and weaknesses. As we laugh at or sympathize with them, we are learning something about our own selves. Shakespeare knew human nature so well and

18、created his characters according to that knowledge. His understanding of human psychology is amazing and is one reason for the continued success of Shakespearian drama.Exercise P4-5 ConclusionThe position of a topic sentence may vary according to the organizational structure used. For beginners, the

19、re are 3 basic positions to place the T.S. 1. beginning of a paragraph 2. at the end 3. in the middleIf there is no T.S at the end of a paragraph, there should be a concluding sentence there, it either restates the controlling idea or draws an inference.A paragraph is not complete if it is not prope

20、rly ended.UnitycoherenceTransition LengthUnity vUnity is the essential quality of a good paragraph.vUnity of a paragraph is concerned with its content.vThe central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph. (middle / end)vExa

21、mples - Sample 1 Sample 2 Exercises - P6vSometimes, the topic sentence is implied.Coherence vCoherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization.vSentences should be arranged in a clear, logical order and the transitions should be smooth and natural.Shakespearian characters live

22、. They are no stilted creations intended to represent differing points of view. They are people,with all the usual human foibles and weaknesses. As we laugh at or sympathize with them, we are learning somethingabout our own selves. Shakespeare knew human nature so well and created his characters acc

23、ording to that knowledge.His understanding of human psychology is amazing and is One reason for the continued success of Shakespearian drama.Transition vUsing transitional words and phraseshelps papers read more smoothly. They provide logical organization and understandabilityand improve the connect

24、ions and transitions between thoughtsvA coherent paper allows the readerto flow from the first supporting point to the last.vTransitions indicate relationswhether within a sentence, paragraph, or paper.This list illustrates relationships between ideas,followed by words and phrases that can connect t

25、hem.vTransitions can make sentences smoothlyvUsing parallel structures;vRepeating words or word groups;vUsing pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences;vBeing consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs;vUsing transitional expressions.vAddition:also, aga

26、in, as well as, besides, coupled with, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, similarlyvConsequence:accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, so then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, whereforevGeneralizing:as a rule, as usual, for t

27、he most part,generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usuallyvExemplifying:chiefly, especially, for instance, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such asvIllustration:for example, for instance, for one thing, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example,

28、in this casevEmphasisabove all, chiefly, with attention to, especially, particularly, singularlyvSimilarity:comparatively, coupled with, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similar, moreover, together withvException:aside from, barring, besides, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other

29、than, outside of, savevRestatement:in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differentlyvContrast and Comparison:contrast, by the same token, conversely, instead, likewise,on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather,similarly, yet, but, ho

30、wever, still, nevertheless, in contrastvSequence:at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time,for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on,meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier,simultaneously, afterward, in conclusio

31、n, with this in mind, vSummarizing:after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finallyvDiversion:by the way, i

32、ncidentallyvDirection:here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above,to the left, to the right, in the distancevFirst(ly)vSecond(ly)vThird(ly)vForth(ly)vLast(ly)vFrom the beginning / to begin withvWhats more / in addition / additionallyvNext / then / on the subject ofvIn the interes

33、t ofvIn conclusion / in the end / finallyvOnce, people were very much afraid of ghosts. Their fear led them to develop elaborate rituals to ward off encounters with the dead. For example, since primitive people believed that ghosts could capture their spirit at funerals, they carried wooden images o

34、f themselves in the hope that the ghosts would be fooled into carrying off the image. Images have been popular with people from primitive times until today. In the old times, people believed that taking a picture of someone would rob the person of his or her soul. It is possible, too, that the tradi

35、tion of sitting up with the dead comes from a belief that ghosts escape in the night. Certainly the ritual of laying tombstone is derived from a superstition about the dead. People once believe that stones piled on top of a grave would keep the dead persons ghost from escaping and haunting the livin

36、g. Eventually the number of stones diminished until only one stone, the tombstone, was left as a reminder of the ancient superstition.vThe nobles of Persia, in the bosom of luxury and despotism, preserved a strong sense of personal gallantry and national honor. From the age of seven years they were taught to speak the truth, t