河流污染生态治理研究

1、河流污染生态治理研究以廿肃藉河为例tackling river pollution ecologicallya case study on the ji river of gansu province摘要 河流污染是我国水资源的突出问题z-o本文以卄肃藉河为例，应用植物群落自 然净化水质的原理，采取功能分区的方法，对西北地区城市河流的污染提出了具体的治理方 案。将藉河城区段主要分为三个部分：（1）上游牛:态过滤区；（2）中游生态景观区；（3）下 游牛态净水区。然后，分区进行具体设计。此研究方案是藉河一期改造工程的一部分。口前, 一期工程已经完工，取得了较好的生态效益和经济效益。abstract

2、 against the background of conspicuous problem of river pollution in chinas water resources affairs, we made a case study on the ji river of gansu province to apply the principle that water can be naturally purified by plant communities to the functional division and tackling plan of the urban river

3、s in northwest china. the urban leg of the ji river is divided into three parts. they are the ecological filtration area at upper reaches, the ecological landscape area at middle reaches and the ecological purifying area of lower reaches each part has been designed to form the study as a component o

4、f the first stage of ji river's reconstruction which has been completed and has got satisfactory ecological effect & economic benefit.众所周知，河流污染是我国水资源的突出问题之一，已经严重影响人民的生产和生活， 阻碍经济建设的发展，对人类生存和生态环境造成巨大威胁。据统计，2002年全国工业和城 镇生活废水排放总量为439.5亿吨，比上年增加1.5%。其中工业废水排放量207. 2亿吨，比 上年增加2. 3%；城镇生活污水排放量232.3亿吨，比

5、上年增加0.9%。as is known to all, river pollution as the conspicuous problem of water resources affairs influences on production and people's livelihood, being a hurdle in economic development and a threat to man's living environment. statistics says that the sewage of industry and urban liveliho

6、od over the country in 2002 is totally 43.95 billion t, increasing by 1.5% than last year, in which the industrial sewage accounts for 20.72, increasing by 2.3%, while the urban livelihood sewage accounts for 23.23, increasing by 0.9%河流污染的生态治理主要是利用植物、细菌、真菌和其它微生物及一些动物构成稳定的 生态系统，通过这些生物的生理生化作用和生物、生态学特性

7、来改善河流环境，从而使河流 水质得到改善，河流生态得到恢复或修复，实现河流的自然净化。the aim of ecological tackling is to apply plants, bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms as well as some animals to form a stable ecosystem, to improve river environment through biological and ecological features of the species, including physiological o

8、r biochemical action, restoring the water quality and ecology of the river, to achieve the natural purifying 1基本原理污水流入水生植物生长繁茂的环境中，就可以通过自然净化的机能实现水的净化。在这 种系统内，水牛植物光合作用吸收二氧化碳，放出氧气，增加水体屮氧的浓度，从而减少厌 氧细菌的活动，抑制甲烷、硫化氢等臭味气体的产生；有益细菌的生理生化活动可以氧化、 还原、分解冇机、无机污染物；水体流动稀释扩散悬浮颗粒。黏结在沉积物上的污染物（如重 金属），随同沉积物沉积而积累起来，通过附着在植

9、物的根茎表面的微生物，使有机物进行生 物性分解，并通过土壤的浸透作用对污水进行直接净化。在植物产生水质净化效果的同时，还为昆虫及鱼类、鸟类提供了栖息地和牛存空间，产 生了创造生态空间的效果。1 basic principlewhen sewage meets an environment of luxuriant aquatic plants, it could be made clean by some natural purifying mechanisms for instance, aquatic plants absorb co2 and release 02 during phot

10、osynthesis, to increase the oxygen dissolved in water and inhibit the action of anaerobic bacteria and the production of smelly gases such as ch4 and h2s. beneficial bacteria could oxidize, reduce or decompose organic and inorganic pollutants, while water flow and dilute suspending particles. pollut

11、ants sticking to sediment such as those of heavy metal would be accumulated in the process of sedimentation and then play the role of biological decomposer together with soil microorganisms, and could purify the sewage through soil permeation.while the water is purified by plants, the habitat of ins

12、ects, birds and fishes will be created, to form an ecological space consequently.2案例分析现以甘肃天水藉河为例，提出具体的研究方案。2.1案例概况天水古称“秦州”，位于甘肃省东南部，横跨黄河和长江两人流域，属华北、华屮、蒙新和 喜马拉雅植物交汇处。距今已冇2600多年的建城历史，是中国历史文化名城，为中华文明的 重耍发祥地z-,有“lt肃小江南”z称。作为滑河一级支流的藉河流经天水城区。据有关研究资料表明就目前城区的排水管网而 言，雨水、污水系统还没有形成分离设进。部分工业废水也没有经过处理排放卜水道或直接 排入

13、河内。近年来，由于持续干旱少用，藉河水流罐明显减少，枯水期经常断流，水体稀禅 自净能力下降，加z城区污水直接排放城市河道，使藉河水体受到严重的污染，河道生态系 统极其脆弱。2 case-analysisthe case analysis was made on the ji river of tianshui county of gansu province to form a detailed scheme2.1 overviewtianshui, which was called qinzhou in ancient times, is located in southeast gansu

14、 and covers the water systems of the yangtze and the yellow river. in the view of plant geography, it is located at the point where the flora of north-middle china, xinjiang-mongolia and himalayas converge the 2600-year history of its city-building makes it one of the famous chinese cultural c让ies.

15、it also proved itself one of the birthplaces of china's civilization and especially has the title of “the south china in gansu”.as the primary tributary of the wei river, the ji river passes through the city of tianshui, where according to investigation the engineering that separates rainfall fr

16、om sewage in the drainage system remains to be settled161, while some industrial sewage is drained into the river and the sewer without any treatment. because of successive years of drought, the discharge of the ji river decreased, to cut off the flow during dry season and reduce the self-purifying

17、ability of the water. moreover, the urban sewage drained to river causes serious pollution and the vulnerability of river- (71ecosystem1 j.2.2设计思想在保证其水利功能的基础上，提出复合生态系统理念，即保持河流的连续性和与城市的 共生互补性，重点处理好河流两侧的土地利用模式，重点做好植物生态系统的修复工作。统 筹规划，因地制宜，构建和谐、稳定的湿地生态系统，注重与外部环境的有机联系，提高牛物 多样性，强化湿地的主态调节功能；建立生态、景观、旅游良性循环的湿

18、地牛态系统，提升 城市品位，改善市民生活质量，促进天水城市社会经济的可持续发展。2.2 design ideaconsidering the fundamental function of the river and the importance of its ecology, i suggest keeping the connectivity of river-ecosystem and its coexistence with the city, planning the land use on the riverside painstakingly and repairing the

19、plant eco-system of the river effective!y. there is a need for integrating some factors and adapting the plan to local conditions, to establish an ecosystem of wetland with harmony and stability. what should be priorities are the connection between river and its external environment, biodiversity, t

20、he ecological regulation of wetland, the ecosystem with a good ecology-landscape-tourism cycle, and the exalting of city grade and livelihood quality aimed at social development.2. 3设计原则(见表1)2.3 design principles (see tab.l)原贝lj principle具体丿“川 specific application功能性原则依据湿地生态过程规律，恢复与重建具有白纟r织、自我维持、良性循

21、环 的湿地生态系统，注重生态系统的功能，突出强调其净水作用同。functionbased on the ecological laws of wetland, reestablish the self-organizing, self-maintaining and well-cyclical ecosystem of wetland, attach importance to function and water-purifying role8.适应性原则充分考虑当地的地理位置、气候特点和目标定位等因素，因地制宜地选 择植物种类，并进行科学、合理的配置。suitablenessaccordi

22、ng to geography, climate and orientation, select suitable plant species and lay out them scientifically协调性原则牛态功能与景观特色相结合，塑造城市形象，捉升文化内涵；考虑牛态 交错带特点，建设缓冲带，减少周围环境的影响。adjustmentcombine ecology with landscape to mould the city, exalt its cultural level, and establish the buffer-zone to reduce the influenc

23、e from environment.经济性原则充分利用当地的自然资源与乡土植物，尽量减少后期的养管费用，做到 事半功倍、经济可行。economymake good use of natural resources and indigenous plants, to save the latemanagcmcnl expense.2.4设计目标水清、岸绿、境美，达到人水和谐，精心打造城市“绿肺”，捉高水环境质量与城市坏境 的舒适度，将藉河城区段建设成为具有完备生态功能、能体现天水特色景观风貌以及文化底 蕴的工态长廊。2.4 design aimclear water, green bank,

24、good environment and the harmony of man-and-river are aimed, to grow the "green lung" and exalt the quality of water and the comfortableness of the city, finally to create an ecologically complete riverside sector in which the landscape feature and cultural content of tianshui exist.2. 5具体

25、设计将藉河城区段主要分为三个部分：（1）上游牛:态过滤区；（2）中游牛:态景观区；（3）下 游牛态净水区。然后，分区进行具体设计。2.5 design detailsthe urban leg of the ji river is divided into three parts. they are the ecological filtration area at upper reaches, the ecological landscape area at middle reaches and the ecological purifying area of lower reaches.

26、each part has been designed2. 5. 1上游生态过滤区此区段位于藉河城区段橡胶坝前上游区域，该段可分为四个二级区域，即a区、b区、c 区和d区(如图doa区：a区水环境相对稳定,有一定深度的水域，由于其紧邻1#生态绿地与河堤，在考虑 牛态功能的同时，兼顾其景观性。植物配置为河堤坡上种植莺尾、徳国莺尾、萱草、角腥草、 芦竹和沿阶草等护坡，减少水土流失。浅水中种植水葱、小香蒲、睡莲、荷花、荐菜、萍蓬 草和白睡莲等。同时，可放养少量鱼类和水藻。251 the ecological filtration area at upper reachesit is located

27、at the upper reaches of the ji river in front of the rubber damp and could be divided into four secondary areas namely district a, b, c and d (see fig).district a: its water is relatively stable and deep, being close to eco-greenbelt and levee i suggest considering both ecological function and lands

28、cape feature suitable plant species on the slope are iris tectorum, iris germanica, hemerocallis fulva9 houttuynia cordata, arundo donax and ophiopogon bodinieri, which promise to play an important role in soil conservation. suitable aquatic plants in shallow water are scirpus validus, typha minima,

29、 nymphaeci tetragona (water lily), nelumbo nucifera (lotus), nymphoides peltatum, nuphura pulmilum and nymphaea albc. breeding a small amount offish and algae is permitted b区：b区为河内沙洲湿地，沙洲高度不超过1#生态绿地的高度，沙洲高处种植楼柳、紫 穗槐等一些耐水湿的灌木和草类，低处及浅水区选择花菖蒲、黄菖蒲、水葱、香蒲、荐菜、 萍蓬草、芦苇、千加菜、长苞香蒲、花蔺等混植、丛植或片植；离堤岸较近的水体中种植睡 莲、荷花、

30、特菜、萍蓬草、白睡莲等，增加景观效果；沙洲间静水区少量种植浮萍、茨漠和 放养少量藻类及鱼类。district b is a fluvial bar including wetland, whose height is not over that of 1# eco-greenbelt. plants suited to the upland within the bar comprise tamarix chinensis, amorpha fruticosa et al, which are somewhat water-enduring shrubs or grasses. plants

31、suited to the low and shallow-water area of the bar comprise colorful acorus, yellow acorus, scirpus validus, typha minima, nymphoides peltatum, nuphura pulmilum, phragmites communis (reed), lythrurn salicaria, typha angustata and butomus umbellatus, mixed or grown in tussocks water lily, lotus, nym

32、phoides, nuphura and nymphaea alba are suggested to be grown near the bank191, to form a landscape result. a small amount of lemna minor, najas minor, fish and algae fits the still water area between bars.c区：c区为主河道湿地、小型沙洲及具周围浅水区，选择花菖蒲、黄菖蒲、水葱、香蒲、 荐菜、萍蓬草、芦苇、千屈菜、长鱼香蒲、花蔺等混植丛植或片植刨。考虑到防洪需要，水生 栢物种植密度应稀植与密植

33、相结合，生态作用与防洪要求相结合。district c covers the channel, bars and shallow-water area, which is suggested using colorful acorus, yellow acorus, scirpus validus, typha minima, nymphoides peltcitum, nuphura pulmilum. phragmites communis (reed), lythrum salicaria, typha angustata and butomus umbellatus, mixed or

34、 grown in tussocks191 in addition, the density of plants should fit both ecology and anti-flood matte r.d区：d区为生态护坡区，在离顺坝45米处的土质河堤坡上部平缓处，沿顺坝方向行 植水杉到顺坝三分之一处，堤坝坡面种植莺尾、德国莺尾、萱草、血腥草、芦竹、沿阶草及 桂柳、紫穗槐等一些耐水湿的灌木等护坡；同时也突出景观，使牛态功能与景观效果相结合。 通过此段河道设计，尽量使水流线路曲折化，水流通过此段时速度减慢，从而延长河水流经 此段的时间，使水体与生物体z间得到充分接触，从而达到净水hl的。河

35、内沙洲的高度不超 过1#生态绿地，从而使在洪水较大吋不影响防洪。剖面效果如图2。district d is an area of ecological slope-conservation. on the gentle slope of earth levee 4-5m from the longitudinal dike and in its direction, water spruce (metasequoia glyptoslroboides) trees were planted to cover one third of the dike, while iris tectorum,

36、 iris gennanica, hemerocallis fulva, houttuynia cordata, ar undo clonax, ophiopoon bodinieri, tamarix chinensis. amorpha fruticosa and other water-enduring shrubs planted on the slope of levee, to form the combined effect of ecology and landscape in this district the channel has been further curved

37、through design, to reduce the current velocity and lengthen the time when the river passes through the district, where living things touch water fully and play their role of purifying. as for the height of fluvial bar, it is beneath that of 1# eco-greenbelt so doesnt impact on defending great floods

38、.fig.2 shows the sectional result.2. 5.2中游生态景观区the ecological landscape area at middle reaches此段位于藉河城区段橡胶坝区域，由于此段的水位线变化较大，在设计时进行分区规划 (如图3)。在水位较浅的3#和6#橡胶坝z间，主要采用生态的方法使水质得到净化，在考虑 生态治理的同时，也兼顾了景观效果。在浅水区a类等高线(水面下0.6m以上)与河岸之间 种植水葱、小香蒲、睡莲、荐菜、萍蓬草、口睡莲、千屈菜、花蔺等。a类等高线与b类等高 线z间(水而下0.6m1.4m)种植荷花、若菜、萍蓬草；深水区种植少量存菜、

39、萍蓬草、浮 萍等。同时，可放养少量鱼类和水藻。人工岛上可种植水杉、垂柳、水松，林下栽植莺尾、徳国莺尾、萱草等，开阔处种植大 花美人蕉，岛周围坡岸种植灌草护坡，以灌木为主，减少湖水冲刷。it covers the rubber damp and has a fluctuating water level, being planned in different sectors (see fig.3). between 3# and 6# rubber damp ecological method has purified the shallow water, as well as created

40、landscape result. from a-type contour (0-0.6m under water) to bank, scirpus validus, typha minima, water lily, nymphoides, nuphura, nymphaea alba lythrum and butomus are planted. between a- and b-type contours (0.6-1.4m under water), lotus, nymphoides and nuphura are planted, while a small amount of

41、 nymphoides, nuphura, lemna, algae and fish being in deep-water area.a plant community on the man-made island was suggested. its tree layer comprises water spruce, weeping willow and water pine, while undergrowth comprises iris tectorum, iris gennanica and hemerocallis fulva. canna generalis could b

42、e planted in gaps. shrubby vegetation promises to protect the slope well and reduce the soil erosion caused by wave.在1#和3#橡胶坝之间为深水区，采用生态净水，物理、化学及人工机械净化相结合的水 处理方法，达到净水冃的。剖面效果如图4。此段水体相对较为封闭，且水位较深，生态系统 较为脆弱，易受周围环境的影响，釆用的净水措施主要有以下几种：in the deep-water area between 1# and 3#rubber damp, ecological water-p

43、urifying is combined with physical-chemical and mechanical methods to get the sectional results (see fig.4). the relatively closed and deep water-ecosystem is vulnerable and liable to pollution, so the following methods to purify water have been adopted:(1) 加强管理，强化保护措施，禁止生活污水、工业污水的排放，避免水体富营养化。1) str

44、engthen protection and management; prevent sewage from being drained and prevent water eutrophicatio n.(2) 适量放养食藻、食水草及食水体底层有机腐殖物质的鱼类，如讎鱼、鲤鱼、泥鍬、 黄鳞、虾等。2）breeding a small amount of fish whose food covers algae, water grass and organic residue,including carp and silver carp, even loach, eel and shrimps.（3）当水藻、水草大爆发，威胁具他生物牛存，破坏牛态系统平衡时，应川人工或机械 的方法加以清除。3）when the outbreaks of water grass occur and cause a threat to other species and theecosystem, mechanical clearing is necessary（4）当河道底部淤积较多底泥时，应进行人工清淤，恢复土壤自身的生态治理功能。4）when bottom mud increases, silt-cleari