至历年六级真题仔细阅读题doc

1、20XX年6月 There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed and one might reasonably ask what's wrong with a society that presents videosof domestic violence as entertainment. Most researcher

2、s agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed“ biological individual family peer school and community factorsplaying their parts. Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to v

3、iolent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality 因果关系 . Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issui

4、ng a joint statement: “At this time well over 1000 studies. point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between mediav iolence and aggressive behavior in some children.”Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians and even disputed the number of studies most were revi

5、ew articles and essays they said. When Jonathan Freedman a social psychologist at the University of Toronto reviewed the literature he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression” only 28 supported aconnection.

6、The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event And when ex

7、perimenters record the time it takes game players to read aggressive-a'gg roers sive no'n words from a list can we be surewhat they are actually measuring The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare t

8、heir methodologies assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction. Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is of course their p

9、rivilege. But when doing so they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled drawing criticism from colleagues. In response the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society. 21. Why

10、is there so much violence shown in movies TV and video games A There is a lot of violence in the real world today. B Something has gone wrong with today's society. CMany people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed. D Showing violence is thought to be entertaining. 22. What is the skeptics Line 3. P

11、ara. 3 view of media violence A Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life. B Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers. C A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence. D The influence of media violence on children has be

12、en underestimated. 23. The uathor uses the term“ alarmists ” Line 1. Para. 5 to refer to thosewho . A use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence Binitiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality C assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavi

13、or D use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior 24. In refuting the alarmists the author advances his argument by first challenging . A the source and amount of their data B thetargets of their observation C their system of measurement D their definition of violence25. What does th

14、e author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence A More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn. B It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled. C The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading. D He more than agr

15、ees with the views held by the alarmists. Passage Two You ' re in trouble if you have to buy your ow-n abmraen d prescription drugs. Over the past decade prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate. Treatments for chronic conditions can easily top 2000 a month-no wonder that one in four

16、 Americans can' s afford to fill their prescriptions. The solution A hearty chorus of“O Canada. ” North of the border where price controls reign those same -bnramnde drugs cost 50 to 80 less. The Canadian option is fast becoming a political wakuep- call “ If our neighbors can buy drugs at reason

17、able prices why can' t we Even to whisper that thoughtprovokes anger. “-AUmnerican ” An-tdhe propagandists ' trump王 c牌ard “ Wreck our brilliant health- care system. ” Supersize drug prices they claim fund the research that sparks the next generation of wonder drugs. No sky-high drug price to

18、day no cure for cancer tomorrow. So shut up and pay up. Common sense tells you that' s a falsealternative. The reward for finding say a cancer cure is so huge that no one' s goinhang it up. Nevertheless if Canadale- vel pricing came to the United States the industry' sprofit margins woul

19、d drop and the pace of new-drug development would slow. Here lies the American dilemma. Who is all this splendid medicine for Should our health-care system continue its drive toward the best of the best even though rising numbers of patients can' t afford it Or should we direct our wealth toward

20、 letting everyone in on today ' s level of care Measured by saved lives the latter is almost certainly the better course. To defend their profits the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies药 房 not to sell to Americans by mail and are cutting back supplies to those who dare

21、. Meanwhile the administration is playing the fear card. Officials from the Food and Drug Administration will argue that Canadian drugs might be fake mishandled or even a potential threat to life. Do bad drugs fly around the Internet Sure-and the more we look the more we ' ll find But I haven

22、9;t heard of any raging epidemics among thehundreds of thousands of people buying crossborder. Most users of prescription drugs don'wtorry about costs a lot. They' re sheltered by employee insurance owing just a 20co-pay. The financial blows rain instead on the uninsured especially the chron

23、ically ill who need expensive drugs to live This group will still include middle-income seniors on Medicare who ' ll have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit that starts in 2006. 26. What is said about the consequence of the rocketing drug prices in the

24、 U.S. A A quarter of Americans can' t affotirodn t hderuirg psr.e Bs cripMany Americans can ' t afford to see a doctor when they fall ill. C Many Americans have to go to Canada to get medical treatment. D The inflation rate has been more than doubled over the years. 27. It can be inferred th

25、at America can follow the Canadian model and curb its soaring drug prices by . A encouraging people to buyprescription drugs online B extending medical insurance to all its citizens C importing low-price prescription drugs from Canada D exercising price control on brand-name drugs 28. How do propaga

26、ndists argue for the U.S. drug pricing policy A Low prices will affect the quality of medicines in America. B High prices are essential to funding research on new drugs. C Low prices will bring about the anger of drug manufacturers. D High-price drugs are indispensable in curing chronic diseases. 29

27、. What should be the priority of America' s- chaerael tshystem according to the author A To resolve thedilemma in the health-care system. B To maintain America's lead in the dtrryu. gC i ndusTo allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits. D To quicken the pace of new drug development. 30.

28、What are American drug companies doing to protect their high profits A Labeling drugs bought from Canada as being fakes. B Threatening to cut back funding for new drug research. C Reducing supplies to uncooperative Canadian pharmacies. D Attributing the raging epidemics to the ineffectiveness of Can

29、adian drugs. 20XX年12月 In a purely biological sense fear begins with the body's systeinmg sfo trh raet acting to thcan harm usthe so-called fight-or-flight response.“An animal that can't detect dangercan't stay alive” says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals humans evolved with an elaboratemechan

30、ism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons神经元 deep in the brain known as the amygdale扁 桃核. LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdale receives input

31、from many parts of the brain including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information the amygdale appraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs o

32、f distress: trembling perspiration and fast-moving feet just to name three. This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is as LeDoux says“if yoput that system into a brain that has conscious

33、ness then you get the feeling of fear.Humans says Edward M. Hallowell have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems and you get a near-universal human phen

34、omenon: worry. That 's not necessarily a bad thing says Hallowell.“Wheused properly worry is an incredible device” he says. Aftaelrt hayll wa olirtrtylein hge isokay if it leads to constructive action-like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back. Hallowell insists though that there

35、's a right way to worry. “ Never do it alone the facts and then make a plan” he says. Most soufr vuisv ehda vae recession so we'refamiliar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump. Unfortunately few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism so it

36、9;s been difficultget facts about how we should respond. That why Hallo'wesll believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro 抗炭疽菌的药物 and buying gas masks. 52. The -cal“leds ofight-or- flight response ” Line2 Para. 1 refers to “ ” . A the bio

37、logical process in which human beingssense of self-defense evolves B the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential danger C the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decision D the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information 53.Form the s

38、tudies conducted by LcDoux we learn that . A reactions of humansand animals to dangerous situations are often unpredictable B memories of significant events enable people to control fear and distress C peoplesant mem'orise su naprele aderived from their feelings of fear D the amygdale plays a vi

39、tal part in human and animal responses to potential danger 54. Form the passage we know that . A a littleworry will do us good if handled properly B a little worry will enable us to survive a recession C fear strengthens the human desire to survive danger D fear helps people to anticipate certain fu

40、ture events 55. Which of the following is the best way to deal with your worries according to Hallowell A Ask for help-from the people around you. B Usethe belt-tightening strategies for survival. C Seek professional advice and take action. DUnderstand the situation and be fully prepared. 56. In Hal

41、lowell's view people 's rto the terrorist threat last fall was . A ridiculous B understandable Cover-cautious D sensible Passage Two Amitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crook骗s 子. As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989 he en

42、ded his work there disgutesd with his students'heoverwhelming lust for money.“ They' re taught that profit is all that matters“Many school don 't even offer e伦th理ics学 courses at all.” Etzioni expressed hisfrustration about the interests of his graduate students.large I clearly“ hBayd ann

43、odtIffound a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money power fame and self-interest ” he wore at the time. Today he still takes the blame for not educating these “ bu-sleinaedsesrs-to-be. ” “I really feel like I failed them” he says.was a better teacher maybe I could

44、 have reached them.” Etzioni was a respected ethicsexpert when he arrived at Harvard. He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how questions of morality could be applied to places where self-interest flourished. What he found wasn't encouraging. Tho-bse wexoeucldutives had

45、 saysEtzioni little interest in concept of ethics and morality in the boardroom-and their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways. Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says there 's much about business s

46、chools that he'd like to change.“A lot of the facuteaching business are bad news themselves to reinforcing the notion of profit over community interests Etzioni has seen a lot that's left him shaking his head. And becauseof what he 's seen taught in business schools he's not surprise

47、d by the latest rash ofcorporate scandals.“In many ways things h a vloet gwootrse at business schools. Isuspect ” says Etzioni. Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical business leadership.“ People with poor motives will always existsays. “ Sometimes environments cons trhaoinse people and sometimes environments give those people opportunity. ” Etzioni says the booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poor motives to get rich before getting in trouble. His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide m