高一英语Book2语法复习人教实验版知识精讲

1、高一英语 Book 2 语法复习人教实验版【本讲教育信息 】一. 教学内容：Book 2 语法复习学习内容一、被动语态小结：（一）何时使用被动语态1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要如： Paper is made from wood.The house is quite old. It was built in 1950.He was wounded in the fight.2. 需要强调动作的承受者时如： Calculator can't be used in the maths exam.Books and newspapers in the reading room mus

2、tn't be taken away.He was awarded first prize in that contest.3. 为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，以使句子得到更好的安排。如： The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. Electricity is used to run machines.（二）被动语态的构成1. be + done 可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构形式。被动语态中，done 可以带 by 短语，

3、而系表结构中done 相当于 adj. 不带by 短语。如： The question is settled. ( 系表结构 )Such questions are settled by us. (被动语态 )The composition is well written. (系表结构 )The composition is written with great care . ( 被动语态 )The job was well done. ( 系表结构 )The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被动语态 )2. 许多 verbs(broken, i

4、nterested, shut, worried), 既可以用做 adj.也可以在被动语态结构中做过去分词。句中如果有 by，通常是被动语态。如： I was worried about you all night. ( 表状态 )I was worried by mosquitoes all night. ( 表动作 )The glass was broken by Jack. (表动作 )The glass is broken. (表状态 )I was frightened by his ghost story.She was frightened at the sight of a sn

5、ake.（三）不同形式的被动语态1. 含有直宾和间宾的主动结构，变为被动时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动。一般是主语结构的间接宾语变为被动的主语。如： He showed me his pictures.3. 情态动词的被动语态是由情态如： They can not find him. He can not be found.You must pay me for this. I must be paid for this. He can repair your watch. Your watch can be repaired.I was shown his pictures by

6、him.His pictures were shown to me by him.Aunt made me a new dress.I was made a new dress by aunt.A new dress was made for me by aunt.He sent me a birthday present.I was sent a birthday present by him.A birthday present was sent to me by him.2. 含有复合宾语的主动句，宾补不变。（ 1）将宾语变为主语，宾补不变。如： They call her Xiaoli

7、.She is called Xiaoli.He left the door open.The door was left open by him.（ 2） make, let, have, hear, watch, see, feel, notice. Help 等动词后作宾补的不定式一般不加 to，变为被动，必须加 to.如： My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I young.I heard he

8、r move about in her room upstairs last night.She was heard to move about in her room upstairs last night.Did you see Jack take away the magazine?Was Jack seen to take away the magazine?v.+ be+ p.p. 构成4. 短语的被动语态一般来讲，只有及物才有被动语态，因为只有vt.才能有动作的承受者; 但有许多由不及物动词 +介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态， 但应注意

9、短语是一个不可分割的整体。 变被动时， 不可丢掉构成短语的 prep.或 adv. 这样的短语有： look after, listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, makeuse of, etc.如： They had put out the fire before the fire-brigade arrived.The fire had been put out before the fire-brigade arrived.They will set up a new public scho

10、ol here.A new public school will be set up here.5. 有些动词用主动形式表被动含义。如： The goods sells well.The door can't open.6. 有些词如 want, need, require 和 be worth 后面， v-ing 形式为主动，意义为被动。如： The room needs/wants/requires cleaning.The book is worth reading.7. 主动语态中的宾语是从句，变成被动时使用形式替代词如： We know that Britain is an

11、island country.it.It s known that Britain is an island country.The teacher said that this book has been translated into several languagesIt s said thatthis book has been translated into several languages8.宾语为反身代词，相互代词及虚词it 时，不用被动，只用主动。如： I will do it myself.The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.9.谓

12、语以下是动词时，无被动。happen, belong to, suit, fit( 适合 ), have, let, join, fall, last （延长） ,cost（花费）break out（爆发） appear, burst out(迸发 )，hold( 容纳 )，lack（缺乏） ，agree with（同意） .10. 据说类动词：say, consider, think, report, know, believe, suggest, understand, hope, etc.如： It is said thatThere is said to besth./ sb. is

13、said to11. 主动形式表被动感官动词：sound, taste, smell, feel, look, seem 等主语是物时；一些 vi. 主动形式表被动含义: open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash, clean, lock,sell, wear, cut, cook, eat, weigh, drink, pay, draw, etc.不定式 to blame, to let （出租）作表语时，主动形式表被动含义表需要的 need ,want, require 等后的动名词用主动形式表被动含义 be worth 后的动名词主

14、动形式表被动含义考一考1. Months ago we sailed ten thousands across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms.(05 辽宁 )A. was calledB. is calledC. had been calledD. has been called解析：答案是B 。用一般现在时的被动语态表示客观存在。2. In the last few years a few more bridges _ in our city.A. put upB. were put upC. have be

15、en put upD. have put up解析：答案是CAD 两项都是主动语态，不合要求，先排除。时间状语in /during thelast/past few/thirty years 常用现在完成时。故选C。二、定语从句（一）定语从句的概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。（二）定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词， 常见的关系代词包括 that， which ， who （宾格 whom ，所有格 whose）等，关系副词包括 where， when， why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词

16、及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。（三）定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词， 主句与从句不用逗号分开， 从句不可省去， 非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。（四）关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如： Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。 （that 作主语） The coat （ that） I pu

17、t on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Thebuilding which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）The film （ which ） we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）3. who， whom 用于指人， who 用作主语， whom 用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who

18、代替 whom ， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）Who is the teacher（whom ）Li Ming is talking to？ 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）注意：（ 1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词 +which/whom” 结构。例如：that，which可省略，但This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我

19、们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那儿借的这本英文小说。（ 2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。（ 3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常远。（ 4）关系词只能用that 的情况：a. 先行词被

20、序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用 that，而不用 which. 例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b. 被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything ，anything ，none，theone 等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which. 例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop ？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c. 先行词被the only ， the very

21、， the same， the last， little ， few等词修饰时，只能用 that，而不用 which. 例如：This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用 which. 例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e. 以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用Who is the girl tha

22、t is crying ？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f. 主句是 there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用that.例如：which. 例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。（ 5）关系词只能用which ，而不用that 的情况：a. 先行词为that， those 时，用 which ， 而不用 that.例如：What s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b. 关系代词前有介词时，一般用which ，而不用that.例如：Th

23、is is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which ，而不用that.例如：Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。（五）关系副词的用法（ 1） when 指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。（ 2） where 指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。（ 3） why 指原因

24、，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。（六）定语从句小结1. 疑问句中考查定语从句Is this the farm _ you visited last week?A. whereB. the oneC. on whichD. /解析：答案是D。 命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从句时， 最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。2. 倒装句中考查定语从句

25、We came to a place, _ stood a big tower.A. whichB. thatC. /D. where解析：正确答案是D 。为了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊， 因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。3. 拆分词组和固定搭配（ 1）The second is connected with the use _ the body makes of food.A. of whichB. whereC. to doD. that（ 2）Why cant you realize th

26、e part _ they have played in our life?A. whichB. on whichC. whenD. where解析：正确答案分别是D 和 A 。一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make useof, play a part (in)。4. 添加插入语或状语The scientist has made another discovery, _ I believe is of great importance.A. thatB. /C. whichD. why解析：应选择 C。

27、这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。入语有： I think (suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth常见的插等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。5. 插入非谓语动词Is this the man _ you want to have _ the radio for me?A. who; repairedB. that; repairedC. whom; repairingD. that; repair解析： D 项正确。 非谓

28、语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一， 因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。 对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。 如：我们可以把几个句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子应是：You want to have the manrepair the radio for me.【模拟试题】一、被动语态强化练习1.It s politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 10 o clock at nA. were not playedB. not to playC. not be playedD.

29、 did not play2.Heating _ into the students dormitories now.A. is puttingB. is being putC. is been putD. has been putting3.The world s supplies ofoleumpetr _.A. have been gradually being exhaustedB. have gradually exhaustedC. are gradually exhaustedD. are being gradually exhausted4. The scientific st

30、udy of the motion of heavenly bodies and the action of forces that change or cause motion _ astronomy.A. callB. is calledC. is callingD. called5.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen _ comfortably.A. is wornB. wearsC. wearingD. are worn6.The exhibition of poor sportsmanship _a s

31、ense of disgust in all who witnessed it.A. roseB. aroseC. arousedD. raised7.Your hair wants _. You d better have it done tomorrow.A. cutB. to cutC. cuttingD. being cut8.They are all for your proposal that the seminar _.A. be put offB. was put offC. should put offD. is to put off9.No sooner _than the

32、 ship set sail.A. the goods was loadedB. had the goods been loadedC. loaded the goodsD. the goods was being loaded.10. While crossing the mountain areas, all the men had guns for protection lest they _by the local bandits.A. be attackedB. were attackedC. must be attackedD. would be attacked二、定语从句专项练

33、习1.The place _interested me most was the Children's Palace.A. whichB. whereC. whatD. in which2.Do you know the man _?A. whom I spokeB. to who spokeC. I spoke toD. that I spoke3.This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayedB. at that they stayedC. where they stayed atD. where they stayed4.Do

34、 you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. whichB. thatC. whenD. on which5.That is the day _I'll never forget.A. whichB. on whichC. in whichD. when6. The factory _we'll visit next week is not far from here.A. whereB. to whichC. whichD. in which7. Great changes have taken

35、place since then in the factory _we are working.A. whereB. thatC. whichD. there8. This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this yearB. that have shownC. that has been shown this yearD. that you talked9. Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talkedB. which you talk

36、edC. about that you talkedD. that you talked10. The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with whichB. in whichC. on whichD. by which11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of _sat a small boy.A. whomB. whoC. whichD. that12. The engineer _my father works is about 50 years old.A. to whomB. on whomC. with w

37、hichD. with whom13. It there anyone in your class _family is in the country?A. whoB. who sC. whichD. whose14. I m interested in _you have said.A. all thatB. all whatC. thatD. which15. I want to use the same dictionary _was used yesterday.A. whichB. whoC. whatD. as【试题答案】一、被动语态练习详解1. C。 一些动词要求与虚拟语气的从句

38、相配合。这些动词主要有：ask, advise, demand,desire, determine, decide, insist ， maintain, propose, order, recommend, require, request, suggest等。它们后面的从句的动词为should do, should 可以省略。在被动语态中也是这样使用。2. B 。 此题考查被动语态的进行式:be+ being +PP.(过去分词 )。3. D 。 现在进行时可以表示一种现在暂时性的动作(即指现阶段的供应情况，以后供应情况怎样则不得而知) 。一般现在时则表示过去、现在、将来经常性的短缺。另外“exhaust ”一词是及物动词。4. B 。根据题干意义判断。5. B 。英语中有些动词不使用被动结构， 本身就表示被动意义。 这些动词主要有： wear, feel, wash, sell, read 等。6. C。同源动词辨析首先区分一下词性， A 、B 两