口译笔译分类词汇世贸组织词汇

1、口译笔译分类词汇（ 07） - 世贸组织词汇 （补贴协议）可诉补贴 Actionable subsidy（ 纺织品与服装、农产品 ） 一体化进程 Integration process（服务贸易）境外消费 Consumption abroad（服务贸易）跨境交付 Cross border supply（服务贸易）商业存在 Commercial presence（ 服务贸易 ） 自然人 natural person（ 服务贸易 ） 自然人流动 Presence of natural person（ 解决争端 ） 被诉方 Defendant（解决争端）调查结果 Findings（ 解决争端 ） 上

2、诉 Appeal（ 解决争端 ） 申诉方 Complaint（ 利益的 ） 丧失和减损 Nullification and impairment（ 农产品 ） 国内支持 Domestic support（农产品）综合支持量 AMS （Aggregate Measurement of Support）（农产品国内支持）黄箱措施 Amber Box measures（农产品国内支持）蓝箱措施 BOP（Balance-of-payments） Provisions（农产品国内支持）绿箱措施 Green Box measures（ 农业 ） 多功能性 Multifunctionality（欧盟）共同农

3、业政策 Common Agriculture Policy（ 争端解决 ） 专家组 Panel知识产权）地理标识 Geographical indications巴黎公约 ( 关于保护工业知识产权的公约 )Paris Convention巴塞尔公约 (有关危险废弃物的多边环境协定) Basel Convention 北美自由贸易协定 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) 濒危物种国际贸易公约 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species伯尔尼公约 (有关保护文学和艺术作品版权的公

4、约) Berne Convention 多种纤维协定 MFA (Multifibre Agreement)纺织品与服装协议 ATC (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing) 服务贸易总协定 GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) 关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解 DSU(Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes)京都议定书 Kyoto Protocol里斯本条约 (有关地理标识及其国际注册) Lisbon A

5、greement 蒙特利尔议定书 (有关保护大气臭氧层的多边环境协定 )Montreal Protocol 农产品协议特殊保障 SSG (Special Safeguard) 农业协议中关于反补贴的和平条款 Peace clause生物多样性公约 CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity) 信息技术协议 ITA (Information Technology Agreement)WTO最不发达国家高级别会议HLM (WTO High-level Meet ing for LDCs)北美自由贸易区 NAFTA (North American Free Trad

6、e Area) 采取措施后 Ex post采取措施前 Ex ante产品生命周期分析 LCA (Life Cycle Analysis)出口补贴 Export subsidy出口实绩 Export performance垂直兼并 vertical merger当地含量 Local content电子商务 Electronic Commerce东部和南部非洲共同市场 COMESA (Common Market for Eastern and SouthernAfrica)东盟自由贸易区 ASEAN Free Trade Area动植物卫生检疫措施 SPS (Sanitary and Phytos

7、anitary Standard )反补贴税 Countervailing duty反倾销措施 anti-dumping measures against反向通知 Counter-notification非配额产品 quota-free products非生产性投资 investment in non-productive projects非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团 (洛美协定) ACP(African, Caribbean and PacificGroup)风险管理 / 评估 risk management/ assessment关贸总协定，世界贸易组织的前身 GATT (General

8、Agreement on Tariffs andTrade)规避 Circumvention国际标准化组织 ISO (International Organization for Standardization)国际纺织品服装局 ITCB (International Textile and Clothing Bureau)国际货币基金组织 IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际劳工组织 ILO (International Labor Organization) 国际贸易中心 ITC (International Trade Center)国际贸易组织 IT

9、O (International Trade Organization) 国际贸易组织临时委员会 ICITO (Interim Commission for the International Trade Organization)国际清算 international settlement国际收支 balance of international payments/ balance of payment 国际收支条款 BOP(Balance-of-payments) Provisions 国际兽疫组织 International Office of Epizootics国民待遇 Nationa

10、l treatment国内补贴 Domestic subsidy国内生产 Domestic production海关估价 Customs valuation海关完税价值 Customs value横向兼并 horizontal merger 环保型技术 EST(Environmentally-sound technology) 灰色区域措施 Grey area measures货币留成制度 Currency retention scheme 货币贸易理事会 CTG(Council for Trade in Goods)基础税率 Base tariff level既定日程 Built-in ag

11、enda交叉报复 Cross retaliation 进口差价税 Import variable duties 进口附加税 Import surcharge 进口环节税 import linkage tax 进口渗透 Import penetration 进口替代 Import substitution 进口许可 Import licensing 进口押金 Import deposits 经 济 合 作 与 发 展 组 织 OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)垃圾融资 junk financing联合国环境署 U

12、NEP (United Nations Environment Program) 联合国开发计划署 UNDP (United Nations Development Program) 联合国粮农组织 FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States) 联合国贸易与发展会议UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment) 粮食安全 Food security 慢性萧条 chronic depression 贸易和投资自由化和便利化 TILF (Trade and

13、 Investment Liberalization and Facilitation)贸易与发展委员会 Committee on Trade and Development 贸易与环境委员会 Committee on Trade and Environment 模式 Modalities南方共同市场(或称南锥体共同市场) MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) 南亚区域合作联盟 SAARC(South Asian Association for Regional cooperation) 欧洲自由贸易联盟 EFTA (European Free Trade Ass

14、ociation) 配额调整条款 modulation of quota clause瓶颈制约 'bottleneck' restrictions 全球配额 global quota 上诉机构 Appeal body申报制度 reporting system; income declaration system生产补贴 Production subsidy 实行国民待遇 grant the national treatment to 实质损害 Material injury 食品法典委员会 CAC(Codex Alimentaries Commission) 世界海关组织 WC

15、O (World Customs Organization) 世界贸易组织 WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界知识产权组织 WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) 市场准人的行政管理措施 AAMA (Administrative Aspects of Market Access) 市场准入 Market access通知义务 Notification obligation 同类产品 Like product乌拉圭回合 Uruguay Round 消费膨胀 inflated consumption协调制度(商

16、品名称及编码协调制度) HS (Harmonized Commodity and Coding System)新议题 New issues许可费 License fee有秩序的市场安排 Orderly market arrangements约束水平 Bound level争端解决机构 Dispute Settlement Body政府采购 Government procurement知识产权 IPRs (Intellectual property rights)直接支付 Direct payment诸边协议 Plurilateral agreement专门的营销机构 Market boards

17、转基因生物 GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)祖父条款 grandfather clause最不发达国家 LDCs (Least-developed countries)最初谈判权 ( 初谈权 ) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)最惠国待遇(现通常称 ' 正常贸易关系 ' ) MFN( most-favored-nation)treatment最惠国贸易地位 ( 待遇 )MFN (Most-favored-nation)(Treatment)WTO术语英文解释GeneralGATT General Agr

18、eement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO.An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO ' s agreements.GATT 1947 The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.GATT 1994 The new version of the General Agreement, incorporated into the WTO, whi

19、ch governs trade in goods.Members WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN Most-favoured-nation treatment (GATT Article I, GATSArticle II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one' s trading partners.national treatment The principle of giving other

20、s the same treatment as one ' s own nationals. GATT Article III requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the same or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed customs. GATS ArticleXVII and TRIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatment for services and intellec

21、tual property protection.TPRB, TPRM The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for meetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO members under the TradePolicy Review Mechanism. transparency Degree to which trade policies and practices, and

22、the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.Uruguay Round Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in December 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.Tariffsbinding, bound see “tariff

23、 binding ”electronic commerce The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products via telecommunications networks.free-rider A casual term used to infer that a country which does notmake any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions made by other countries

24、in negotiations under the most-favoured-nation principle.Harmonized System An international nomenclature developed by the World Customs Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a commonbasis. Beyond the six digit level, count

25、ries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many other purposes.ITA Information Technology Agreement, or formally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.ITA II Negotiat

26、ions aimed at expanding ITA' s product coverage.nuisance tariff Tariff so low that it costs the government more to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a r

27、ate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties.tariff escalation Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practice protects domestic processing industries and discourages the development o

28、f processing activity in the countries where raw materials originate.tariff peaks Relatively high tariffs, usually on “sensitive ” products, amidst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as “tariff peaks ”. tariffs Customs duties

29、on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.WCO World Customs Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussel

30、s through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize customs procedures.Non-tariff measuresanti-dumping duties Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value

31、, if dumping causes injury to producers of competing products in the importing country.circumvention Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping orcountervailing duties.countervailing measures Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies gi

32、ven to producers or exporters in the exporting country.dumping Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country markets, or at less than production cost.NTMs Non-tariff meas

33、ures such as quotas, import licensing systems, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.price undertaking Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.PSI Preshipment inspection the practice of employing specializedprivate compan

34、ies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseasi.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.QRs Quantitative restrictions specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be imported (or exported) during a specific time period. rules of origin Laws, regulations and administrative procedures

35、whichdetermine a product 's country of origin. A decision by a customs authority on origin can determine whether a shipment falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dumping duty.These rules can vary from country to country.safeguard measures Ac

36、tion taken to protect a specific industry from an unexpected build-up of imports governed by Article XIX of the GATT1994. subsidy There are two general types of subsidies: export and domestic.An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government thatis contingent on exports. A domesti

37、c subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.trade facilitation Removing obstacles to the movement of goods acrossborders (e.g. simplification of customs

38、 procedures).VRA, VER, OMA Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs

39、 or other import controls.Textiles and clothingATC The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.carry forward When an exporting country uses part of the followingyear 's quota during the current year.carry over When

40、an exporting country utilizes the previous year'sunutilized quota.circumvention Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG Council for Trade in Goods oversees WTO agreements on goods,including the ATC.integration programme The phasing out of MFArest

41、rictions in four stages starting on 1 January1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB International Textiles and Clothing Bureau Geneva-based groupof some 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose markets are disrupted by

42、increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country were able to negotiate quota restrictions.swing Whenan exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten members acting in a pe

43、rsonal capacity, oversees the implementation of ATC commitments.transitional safeguard mechanism Allows membersto impose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the importing country can show that both overall imports of a product and imports from the individual countries are entering

44、 the country in such increased quantities as to cause or threaten serious damage to the relevant domestic industry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda 2000 EC s financial reform plans for 2000 - 06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new members. Includes reform of the CAP (see below).border

45、 protection Any measure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry.BSE Bovine spongifo rm encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease ”. Blue box:box Category of domestic support. Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits.permitted supports linked to pr

46、oduction, but subject to production limits production targets and marketing mechanisms designed to manage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.and thereforeminimallytrade-distorting.Amber box: supportsconsidered todistort tradeand thereforesubject to reduction commitments.

47、Cairns Group Group ofagriculturalexporting nations lobbying foragriculturaltrade liberalization.Itwas formed in 1986 in Cairns,Australia just before the beginningof theUruguay Round. Currentmembership: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia,Brazil,Canada, Chile, Colombia,Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Mal

48、aysia,New Zealand, Paraguay,Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.CAP Common Agricultural Policy The EU's comprehensive system ofCodex Alimentarius FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on food safety.distortion When prices and production are higher or lower than l

49、evelsthat would usually exist in a competitive market.deficiency payment Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less.EEP Export enhancement programme programme of US expor

50、t subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.food security Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic

51、dietary ernal support Encompassesany measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural productio

52、n.International Office of Epizootics Deals with international standardsconcerning animal health.multifunctionality Idea that agriculture has manyfunctions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns.non

53、-trade concerns Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of theAgriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation.peace clause Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreem

54、ent says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTOagreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.reform process/program The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement startsa reform process. It sets out a first step, in

55、 the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process.SPS regulations Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, t

56、o help ensure that food is safe for consumption.variable levy Customs duty rate which varies in response to domesticprice criterion.Intellectual propertyBerne Convention Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection ofthe rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.CBD Convention on Bi

57、ological Dpulsory licensing For patents: whenthe authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) without the perm

58、ission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use.counterfeit Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into