ACCAF知识点总结

1、Chapterl1.民法(civil law)和刑法(criminal law )的划分Civil law: an form of private law , used byin dividuals to assert rights aga inst other in dividualsNecessity for delegated legislatio n/sec on dary legislatio n :more convenient ;ca n hand over the task of specify ing the law in detail to experts2.在 case

2、law 中 :com mon law 普通法 created by judges through the application of the principle of judicialprecede nt. com mon law drew on customs/equity law 衡 平法 :to resolve disputes where damages are not a suitable remedy and to introduce fairness into the legal system.2.不同法院管辖事件的类型Crimin al law: an aspect of p

3、ublic law to regulatecrimes and to punish offen dersIssueCivilCrimi nalWhoClaima nt/plai ntiffProsecutor/cps/statebrings the原告acti onBurde n ofClaima nt/plai ntiffProsecutor/cps/stateproof原告Stan dardBala nee ofBey ond reas on ableof proofprobabilitiesdoubtDecisio nsLiable/not (judge)Guilty or notAim

4、sCompe nsatoryPun itive/to punishRemediesdamagesImpris onment/fines纠 正1. Case law: made by judge/ statute law成文法 :primary legislati on( made by theParliame nt)/sec on dary legislatio n( in exercise of law-making powers delegated by Parliament).注 ：只受理民事案件County court只受理刑事案件Crow n court民刑通吃Magistrate

5、' s court , high court, court ofappeal, supreme court只受理一审County court, magistrate ' s court只受理上诉Court of appeal , supreme court一审上诉通吃High court , crow n courtChapter2Chapter21.Doctr ine of Precede nee (遵循先例制度的一般规那么):some decisi ons made by a court are binding andsimilar subseque nt legal ca

6、ses should be decided onthe basis of the law established in earlier cases.2. 可以创立判例法规那么 : Supreme Court/Court ofmean./the golden rule :this rule is applied inAppeal/High Court; 不可以创立 :Crown, Magistrates,necessary ,look beyond the words of statute to find out theCounty Courts cannot create precedent.

7、reason/purpose for its enactment, and that meaning should3. Elements of judicial decision 影响法庭判决的因素 :rati on decide ndi 判决理由 the reason for thedecision/Obiter dicta 附带说明 statement made by theway, not binding, but merely of persuasive authority4. 法官又可以因为那些理由拒绝先例(disregardingjudicial precedent : Overr

8、ule 取代 the procedure wherebya court higher in the legal hierarchy sets aside a legal rulingbe interpreted in the light of the purposeMischiefrule :purposive approach的具体表现形式 /where a statute is designed to remedy a weakness in the law, the correct interpretation is the one which achieves it.6. 语言处理规那

9、么法律没有追溯力 a statute does nothave retrospective effect established in a previous case/Reverse 推翻 a procedureChapter3 合同法 IMP whereby a court higher in the hierarchy reverses thedecision of a lower court in the same case/Distinguishing法官的自由裁决 a precedent is avoided by a judgedemonstrating that the mate

10、rial facts of two cases are notthe same5. Rules of Statutory Interpretation法的解释 :the literalapproach :the literal rulemeans that words in the Act shouldbe given their literal and grammatical1. 合同的概念 a legally binding agreement enforceable inlaw2. 从要约到承诺是否达成 agreement invitations to treat 要约邀请 -offer

11、 要约 -acceptance 承诺- agreement3. Termination of an offer:express rejection/counter off反要约 /lapse of time/revocation of an off/death/if the offis suject to a condition,it will lapse on failure of that condition4. Privity of Contract 合同相对性原那么 : the common law doctrine that only those are party to the c

12、ontract-have rights or liabilities under the contract/ have the right to enforce the contract,contracts cannot give rights or obligations to othersmeaning rather than what the judge thinks they circumstances where the application of the literal rule is likely to result in an obviously absurd result.

13、 the purposive approach :the judge should ,whereChapter4An ticipatory breach预期违约：未到合同履行时1. 分类标准Express and Implied terms:某个条款是否经过双方当事人协商同意 (agreed by the parties )Condition ，warranties and innominate terms 核心， 附属和无名条款：根据条款重要性2. 免责条款(三观概念)Any clause that attempts to exempt , or limit, theliability of

14、 one party for breach of con tract or n eglige nee3 test: correctly in corporated into the con tract形式正确 /worded clearly to exclude the breach措辞清晰/reas on able per statute 内容合理Chapter51. type of breachRepudiatory breach 根本性违约：refusal to perform 拒绝履行 /failure to perform an en tire obligati on不履行某项 /i

15、ncapacitation 无力履行 /breach of condition 违反核心条款 /breach of知可立即追究违约责任，也可等到履行合同时间追究责任Lawful excuses for non-performa nee开脱责任：performanee is impossible因不可预见的事情发生不可履行/尝试履行被拒绝/ the other party make it impossible for him toperforma nce/c ontract is discharged through frustrati on情势变更/the party have bee n a

16、greeme nt permitted non-performa nee2. Remedies : whe n a breach occurs, the court has to decide whatthe appropriate remedy should be.Com mon lawDamage 赔偿金 ,action for theprice, qua ntum meruitEquitable law 衡平法Specific performance实际履行，injunction 禁令， rescission of the contract 撤 销 合同3. Liquidated dam

17、age 违约金：a genuinepre-estimate of the loss在订立合同前已经商定了，间，当事人提前说明无法履行； 收到预期违约 通an innomin ate term 违反无名条款判为有利于解纠纷，如果违约金过高远大于loss ) A breach of that duty 违反注意义务惩罚性，那么不可执行is an objective one:a breach of duty occurs if thedefendant: .fails to do something which a reasonable4. specific performance ：the cou

18、rt directs a party to completeman.would do. their contractual obligations以下几种情况法官不会让合同继续履行：courts2.Special factors to considera.cannot supervise 法官无力监督履行 /personalThe probability of injuryservice/minors involvedb.The seriousness of the risk 造成伤害的严重性Chapter6 Tort 侵权法c.Cost and practicability 本钱可行性d.A

19、 wrongful act against an individual which gives rise to aCommon practice 证明是行业误差范围内e.civil claim.Skilled persons/professionals1. 过失侵权的 4 个证明环节概念 标准内容f.Social benefitNegligence:It arises when one person suffers damage or The breach of duty caused harm to the claimant违反injury though the negligent acto

20、r omission to act )ofanother person.务是导致损失的原因 Duty of care 注意义务三步走原那么 1.The but for test1.Reasonable foreseeability合理预见原那么2.No break in the chain2.Proximity 关联性原那么of causation切断因果关系链3.Justness and fairness of imposing a duty of care 公平a. A natural event合理地强加注意义务c.Act of the claimantd. The ability to

21、 delegate all the work/to provide The loss ware not too remote 主张的赔偿合理substitute 是否代理2. 义务Reasonable foresight 只赔偿违法者可以合理预见的部 Common Law Duties-Employers ' common law duties2. 抗辩事由1) Duty of mutual trust and confidence Contributory negligence 共同过失 一般只是减少赔偿额，个别情况全部免除 2) To provide work for worker

22、s Volenti non fit injuria 同意不生违法 彻底免除 3) To pay wages/remuneration4)To indemnify employee against expenses andlossesChapter7 劳动法1. 身份判别 Control test :The amount of control that one person had5)To provide for the care and safety of the employeeover the otherleave6)No duty to provide reference when em

23、ployees Integration test 不会外包给他人的，不可或缺的 Multiple test/Economic reality test-Employees ' common law duties报酬支付频率，a. The regularity and method of payment1) To obey reasonable and lawful orders支付方式2) To act faithfully/duty of faithful service/duty to是否提供工具b. The ownership of tools and equipment acc

24、ount for all money and propertyc. The regularity of hours of work 工作时间3) To exercise reasonable skill and care in any> 12y: not less than 12 weekactivity in their role as an employee/reasonable competence to do his job4) Personal service 亲自完成交付的责任 Statutory Duties1) Pay and equality 不能低于国家平均2) Ti

25、me off work3) Trade union officials 工会组织罢工可以参加， 还要给工资4) Every woman has a right to maternity leave and someare entitled to maternity pay5) Health and safety6) Working time:17week,not exceed 48 hours for each7 days 除非员工书面同意多工作7) Flexible workingChapter81. 解雇通知时间的计算1m-2Y: not less than 1 week2y-12y:1w

26、eek for劳动者离职要提前一周通知，合同期满不续那么每工作一年折合一个月工资2. 自动正当参加非法集合罢工 unofficial industrial action/ 对国家平安有威胁自动不正当怀孕 pregnancy/ 员工参加工会活动/收购并购时的解雇 dismissal on transfer of an undertaking/ 工作存在平安问题 /最低工作标准/ 作息时间 /员工在周天拒绝工作3. 用人单位解雇不当Chapter9 代理法1. 代理关系建立方式Express agreement between the agent and principal 达成委托代理协议合同，

27、口头书面皆可Implied agreement 默认没有代理协议但默认存在关系Ratification 追任代理人先履行合同，事后委托人建立合同关系Without consent of principal没有征得委托人同意就建立关系 necessity/Estoppel2. 代理权限 3Express authority 明示代理权限Implied authority 默认代理权限Apparent/ostensible authority 看起来有代理权限，实际上并没有Chapter10 合伙企业法1. 合伙企业 概念 :the relationships that subsists betw

28、eenpersons carrying on a business in common with a view toprofit. standard partnership is not s separate legal entityand its partners have full personal liability for the debts ofpartnership.2. Termination/dissolution 合伙企业解散的债务处理 :paying off external debts/repaying to the partners anyloans or advanc

29、es/repaying the partner' s capitalcontribution/anything left over is then repaid to thepartners in the profit sharing ratio .3. Termination/dissolution 合伙企业解散的条件 :expiry ofa fixed period stipulated in the partnershipagreement/completion of the express purpose for which thepartnership was formed/

30、partner gives notice to leave/a newpartner is admitted into the partnership/death or bankruptcyof partner/happening of any event which makes companycan ' t carry on/on application by a partner the Court maydecree a dissolution of the partnership4. Sole trade 宏观特征 :is not a separate legal entity,

31、 theperson and business are viewed as the same legal entity5. Authority 合伙人的代理权限 :express authority 明示 代 理权限 from partnership agreement/implied authority 默示代理权限 /apparent authority 外表代理 权限 已 经退伙但其他人不知道 6. A partner ' s liability usually extends to the period for which were actually a partner of

32、a firm. 合伙人只对 担任合伙人期间合伙企业产生的债务有清偿责任7. Limited Partnership LP 特征 :the partnership must beregister with the Company Registry/one or more of关于公the partners must bear full,unlimited liability/partners A statement of capital and initial shareholdingswith limited liability may not take part in managementa

33、nd cannot usually bind the business in contract/limited partner cannot withdraw their capital8. Limited Liability Partnership(LLP) 特征 :must be registered with the the Registrar of Companies, with formation documents signed by at least two members/has a legal personality separate/ the name of partner

34、ship must end with LLP/partners are known as members, of which there must be at least two/LLPs must file annual returns and accounts/all members are agents of LLP/all members ' liability is limited/a designated member is responsible for administration and filing/LLP is not subject to corporation

35、 taxChapter121. 设立 pre-incorporation contacts 谁来履行？Promoters 发起人2. 交什么文件 Memorandum of association 公司章程 ( 89 年) Application for registration 注册申请书司资本坏人原始持有股份的状况说明 Statement of compliance 遵从声明 A statement of company ' s proposed officers 拟任命谁 为公司管理人员 A copy of any proposed articles of association

36、 自拟公司章程 06 年不是必须提交，没交使用默认模版3. 2 个证书的功能 Certificate of incorporation 注册许可证Private company 只需要注册许可证，是形式审查 Trading certificate 营业许可证Public company 需要两个证，申领到注册许可证后一 年内要申领到营业许可证，否那么强制清算，是实质 审查a. Allotted share capital is at least£ 50,000 允许股东分批缴纳 b. At least one quarter of the nominal value of theal

37、lotted share capital has been paid up minimum £金困12,500 首次不低于票面的1/4 ，为确保一开始不会难 有资产生d.A stateme nt of complia nee in respect of payme ntof nominal values and share premium4.章程修改的程序和内容-Contentsa. Directors ' powers and responsibilityb. Decisions making by directorsc. Appointment of directorsd

38、. Orga ni zati on and con duct of gen eral meet ingse. Issue and transferenee of sharesf. Payme nt of divide ndsg. Exercise of members rights-Alteri nga. Passi ng a special resolution通过股东会的特别决定，3/4以上同意批准b. Provid ing the alterati on has bee n made“ bona fide inthe in terest of the compa ny as a whol

39、e内容符合全体股-Ltd : Limited-pic : public limited companyChapter131. capital的分类Issued已发行股本Shares already issued, in clud ing share take n on formati on by subscribers to the memora ndumCalled up 已催缴股本Amount which the compa ny has required shareholders to payPaid up以催付股本Amount which shareholders have actua

40、lly paidEquity shareEquity share capital is a company' issuedshare capital less capital which carries preferential rights. It normally comprises ordinary shares.2.普通股优先股的概念和差异feature ordinary Prefere needivide ndsvariableFixed, usually,东的意愿cumulative概念 shares may be issued at a price above their nominal value, the differe nee betwee n the issueVot ing rightsYesrestrictedprice and the nominal value is a shar