深圳新版八下英语unit1helpingpeopleinneed(天天向上)

1、 快乐学习，天天向上 初中英语 授课教师日期2014年 月 日时间 学 生年级初二科目英语课 题初二下册第一单元Helping Those in Need 教学目标掌握本课的重点单词和短语及句型 掌握动词不定式的用法 教学重难点重点：熟练掌握动词不定式的用法并会使用 难点：提高该生的基础知识 教 学 过 程课前准备本周学习 内容 存在和要解决的问题知识要点概述 Helping Those in Need 单词部分：raise v. 筹集，提升，增加第三人称: 过去式： 过去分词： 现在分词： 搭配：raise ones voice 提高嗓门raise a family 养家糊口raise mo

2、ney 筹款raise price提高价格raise ones spirits 打起精神raise = keep 饲养，抚养 Eg. raise cattle=keep cattle, raise children 辨析：raise和rise（1） 这两个词都有“提高，上升，增加”的意思，但其用法不同。Raise是及物动词，其主语通常是人，而rise是不及物动词，其主语通常是物。（2） rise和raise用于同一事物时含义不同。Eg. The price of TV sets has been raised recently. 最近电视机提价了。（政府或厂家主动行动）The price of

3、 TV sets has been recently. 最近电视机提价了。（市场调节）permission n.=agreement 准许，批准同根词：permit v.=allow you to do it 许可，准许，默许 disabled adj. 有伤残的，丧失能力的，不中用的同根词：disable v. = make (sb) unable to do sth. 使无能力，使伤残，使残废enable v.=make (sb.) able to do sth. 使某人能够做某事搭配：mentally disabled 有智力缺陷 learning disabilities 学习障碍te

4、enager n 青少年offer v. = be willing to do sth. 主动提出搭配：offer ones hand 伸出友好的手 offer sb. Sth. 为某人提供某物辨析：provide 和 offerprovide用于表示无主动慷慨之意地为人或物提供需要或有用的东西，仅仅是出于某种责任，强调提供必须或有用的东西，尤其是生活用品。常用于provide sb. With sth. 或provide sth. For sb. 的固定搭配中。offer表示主动服务，工作等。常用于offer sb. Sth. 或offer sth. To sb. 的固定搭配中。例如：off

5、er help to sb.主动提出帮助某人， offer sb. A good salary 给某人一个好工资sufferseriousillness n （某种）病同根词：ill adj. 有病的 比较级 worse 最高级 worst辨析：ill和sick ill和sick都有生病的，有病的之意，但用法并不完全相同。ill表示生病的，有病的这一意思时，一般用作表语，不能作定语，而sick既可以作表语又可以作定语，如病人可以说 a sick man 或the sick，但不能说 an ill man 或 the ill。sick有恶心的，厌倦的之意，如 the smell makes me

6、 sick. 这气味使我感到恶心。ill 作定语修饰名词时是坏的，邪恶的之意， 如he is an ill man. 他是一个邪恶的人。organize v. 组织 同根词： organization n. 组织，团体，机构express v. 表达，表露 同根词：expression n. 表现，表示，表达，表情painlonely adj 孤独的，寂寞的，荒凉的 比较级 lonelier 最高级 loneliest辨析：lonely和alonealone为形容词，意为单独的，只作表语，不能作定语。侧重说明独自一人，没有助手或同伴，没有感情色彩的只表示客观的状态。lonely意为孤独的，表示

7、主观上感到孤独，寂寞，有较浓的感情色彩，只因缺少朋友，同情，友谊等产生的一种悲伤和忧郁的感情。它为形容词，在句中作表语或定语。作定语时，意为荒凉，偏僻，多修饰表示地点的名词。 Alone还可以做副词 表示单独，独自friendship n. 同根词： difficulty n. = be not able to do sth. Easily 困难，费劲同根词：difficult adj = hard to do 困难的搭配：have difficulty （in） doing sth. 做某事有苦难in difficulty/ difficulties 处境困难joy n. = a feeli

8、ng of great happiness 同根词 joyful adj 搭配：to ones joy 令人高兴的是，使某人高兴的是peace n. 平静的，宁静的 同根词：peaceful adj 和平的，爱好和平的，安静的，平静的hurt v. = injure 使疼痛，受伤 同根词：hurt adj 受伤的，痛苦的，损坏的搭配：hurt oneself 受伤courage n. 勇气，勇敢 同根词：encourage v. 鼓励，鼓舞，支持，促进，鼓励搭配： take ones courage in both hands 鼓起勇气去做，敢作敢为courage in the face of

9、 danger 面对危险时的胆量spiritspay v. 付款偿还同根词：pay n. 工资，薪水，报答搭配：pay off 偿清债务，支付债务的全部数额pay attention to 注意 pay a visit to 去参观，拜访 pay for 为.付款辨析：spend,take,cost和pay的用法区别take spend cost pay的用法都可以表示“花费”，但用法却不尽相同。spend的主语必须是人， 常用于以下结构：(1) spend time money on sth. 在上花费时间（金钱）。例：I spent two hours on this maths prob

10、lem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。(2) spend time money (in) doing sth. 花费时间（金钱）做某事。例：They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。(3)spend money for sth. 花钱买。例：His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。cost的主语是物或某种活动， 还可以表示“值”， 常见用法如下：(1)sth. costs (sb.) 金钱,某物花了（某人）多少钱。例：A new computer costs a lot of

11、money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。(2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) 时间,某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少时间。例：Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost,并且不能用于被动句。take后面常跟双宾语， 常见用法有以下几种：(1) It takes sb. 时间to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。例：It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。

12、(2)doing sth. takes sb. 时间,做某事花了某人多少时间。例：Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。pay的基本用法是：(1) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱（给某人）买。例：I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。(2)pay for sth. 付的钱。例：I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。(3)pay for sb. 替

13、某人付钱。例：Dont worry!I'll pay for you. 别担心， 我会给你付钱的。(4)pay sb. 付钱给某人。 例: They pay us every month.他们每月给我们报酬。（5）pay money back 还钱。例：May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 你能借给我12块钱吗？下周还你。（6）pay off one's money还清钱。community短语部分in needvoluntary work ask permissionsuffer from

14、disabled peopleraise moneysick peoplean old peoples homecontinue to do sth 继续做某事teach sb to do sth. 教某人做某事need to do sth. 需要做.语法知识点：动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to，动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。一、用作主语直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定

15、式的逻辑主语)。动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首，复合不定式结构作主语常置于句末。如：1、把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 2、用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名词to do It's our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb + some time +to do How long did it take you to finish the wor

16、k? Itbe形容词for sbto do 逻辑主语It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容词of sbto do “It is stupid of you to write down everything”， the teacher says. 注意：在中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等；在中，常用careless, clever, good, foo

17、lish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词，强调对人的评价。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式 ，如：It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. 3、带疑问词的不定式短语作主语How to sol

18、ve the problem is hard for him. 二、用作表语动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征，通常放在连系动词（主要是be动词）后。如：1.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club. 2.The first thing is to greet the teacher. 注意：不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。Our work is serving the people.三、用作宾语1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：要求、选择、同意(

19、ask, choose, agree)，期望、决定、学习(expect, hope, decide, learn)，宁可、假装、知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望、想要、愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如：1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.3)Id love to visit Mexico2.动词decide, know, learn, show, teach, te

20、ll.，介词结构on.可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语，但why后面的不定式不带to。如：1)Could you please tell me where to park my car?2)It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. 注意：疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。3.动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语动词不定式，句子结构

21、是.feel / find / make / . it+adj. / n.+to do.。如：I find it difficult to remember everything. 4.既可接动词不定式又可接v+ing形式作宾语，意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来，动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，ving形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格，特别是美国英语，即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如：1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.2)Im beginn

22、ing to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. begin用了进行时态，后面只接不定式作宾语，表示事情刚开始，还要继续下去。3)I like to eat vegetables. 感知动词like, love, know等一般不用进行时态。5.后接动词不定式或v+ing形式作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接v+ing形式作宾语，表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事，to do是目的状语；stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事，doing是宾语。try t

23、o do尽力做，try doing试试看；go on to do接着做另外的事，go on doing继续做原来的事。如：1)When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.2)I stopped using them last year.及物动词+不定式一般形式：谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语)说 明want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败

24、、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) + to (do)(无)help(帮助)to可以省略begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大及物动词+疑问词+不定式： 谓语动词(vt.)+wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语)说明tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(

25、学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨)what where+ how + to (do)whowhich不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。四、用作定语 1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑的动宾关系时，用动词不定式的主动式。如：1)I have so many chores to do today.2)I cant think of any good advice to give her. 3)Basketball has also become a mo

26、re popular sport for people to watch.具体关系如下例子：The next train to arrive is from Washington. Do you have anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介

27、词（例）。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。 2.动词不定式所修饰的名词是place, time, way等时，不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。如：1)He needs time to do homework2)Is that a good place to hang out？3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.3.在“there be.”句型里，句子的主语是动词不定式动

28、作的对象，常用主动式。如：1)Theres just so much to see and do here.2). but there are still many things to do there.注意：1、记住下面的一些结构：被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语)汉 语 意 思a keyto lock the door锁门的钥匙a boxto hold these things装这些东西的箱子give her a bookto read给她一本书读Is there any(+名词/代词)to (do)?有要(做的)吗?Its timeto go.是走的时间了。Do you have an

29、y workto do?你有工作要做吗?Id like somethingto eat.我要点儿吃的。I have nothingto say.我没有话要说。Would you like somethingto drink?你要点儿喝的吗？2、在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如：They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方) Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐) He has got a writing brush to write with.(他找到了写字的毛

30、笔)五、用作补语动词不定式作补语时，在主动语态句里补宾语，在被动语态句里补主语，句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。1.在主、被动语态句里用带to的动词不定式作补语的动词主要有：要求、允许、提议(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望、邀请、鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教导、告诉、想要(teach, tell, want)，等待、希望、愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：1) Id invite her to

31、 have dinner at my house.2) Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.3) Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.2.动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“让”：have, let, make，二“听”：hear, listen to，一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：1)This

32、picture makes me feel tense！2)Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.注意：主动语态中to省略，但是在被动语态中to要还原。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.3.help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。一般说来，带to表间接帮助，不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态句里，或者用不定式的否定式作补语时要带

33、to。如：1). they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.2)Using email English helps you write quickly.4.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作主语的补语。如：1)He doesnt seem to have many friends.2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near

34、you.总结：谓 语 动 词(vt.)+ 宾语 (人 / 物)+不定式 (作宾语补足语)ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / help(帮) /+sb. / sth.+to (do)make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb. / sth.+ (do)注意：hear / see / feel / watc

35、h之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,试比较：I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)六、用作状语 1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：1)In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or v

36、ocabulary.2)A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question.to do / in order to do / so as to do用作目的状语，置句末时都可以用，置句首时只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首，可以引导结果状语从句，in order to do不引导结果状语从句。2.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。如：1)My dogs name is “Lucky”a goo

37、d name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.2)On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. 3.结果状语，多见于“too.to”(太以致不能)，“enough to.”结构句中。如：1)Then Im too tired to do well. What should I do? 2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.4.有

38、些动词不定式作状语，常说明前面形容词的性质和特性。动词不定式与句子的主语有逻辑的动宾关系。动词不定式前面的形容词一般是：cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主动式表被动意义。. the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand.这类句子中的动词不定式可改为主语。5.独立动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。如：1)Id like to stay healthy, but to

39、be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.2)To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word. 七、动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kin

40、d, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。如：1.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. 2.Zoos are terrible places for animals to

41、live八、带疑问词的不定式短语 动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：1.用作句子的成分。1)I dont know what to try next. (作宾语)2)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)2)Why go there?(=W

42、hy do we / you go there?)九、动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.如：1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.2.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 十、后面加动名词与不定式时语义不同的1、stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。2、forget to do忘记

43、要去做某事。(未做) forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)3、remember to do 记得去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4、regret to do对要做的事遗憾。(未做) regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)5、cease to do长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。6、try to do努力，企图做某事。 try doing试验，试着做某事。7、go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing继续做原来做的事。8、mean to do打算、想 me

44、an doing意味着精编例题讲练一、动词不定式作主语1. It's our duty _ the room every day. A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans2. It's hard for us _ English well. A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning（江西省）3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。It will _ the workers over a year _ _ the flyover.4. It's very nice _ you to

45、 get me two tickets _ the World Cup.A. for，of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to二、动词不定式作宾语1. He wants _ some vegetables. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys 2. Don't forget _ your homework with you when you come to school.A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking 3. He found it very difficult _.

46、A. sleeping B. sleeps C. slept D. to fall asleep 三、动词不定式作宾语补足语1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with 2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food. A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D.

47、cooked 四、动词不定式作状语1. She went _ her teacher. A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing 2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best _ English well.A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns 3. I'm sorry _ that. A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear 4. I'm sorry _ you. A. trouble B. to trou

48、ble C. troubling D. troubled）5. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.（改为意思相同的句子）The hole _ _ _ _ such a fat panda to go through. 6. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. （改为意思相同的句子）The ice on the lake wasn't _ enough _ people _ _ _.【典型考题】( ) 1

49、. “What are you going to do this weekend?” “Id like my parents.” A. to visit    B. visit      C. visiting( )2. Whats your plan for the summer holidays? Ive no idea, but Ive decided at home.A. stay     B. to stay C. stayed   D. sta

50、ying( )3. Last week our geography teacher told us more information about how to protect the environment. A. get      B. got C. to get   D. getting( )4. Our headmaster asked us a report on how to protect wild animals. A. write     B. writing C. t

51、o write  D. wrote( )5. How do you feel when you watch the national flag go up? It makes me very proud.A. felt B. to feel C. feeling D. feel( )6. It took her half an hour the Water Park by bus last Sunday. A. gets to    B. get to C. to get to  D. getting to( )7. Its dangerous

52、 for you that tall tree. A. climb     B. to climb C. climbing  D. climbed( )8. My brother is ill in hospital.Im sorry that. A. hear     B. hearing C. heard    D. to hear( )9. more information about the trip, you can go to tour.A. Find  

53、;    B. Finding C. To find   D. Found( )10. Some children are arguing about what TV programs . A. watching   B. for watching C. to watch   D. will watch动词不定式专项练习 1. Its wrong _ not _ her a letter.A. of you; to write      

54、;     B. for you; writing C. of you; writing           D. for you; write2. Im sorry, I _ my exercise book at home.Dont forget _ it to school tomorrow, please.A. forget; to take         

55、   B. left; to bring C. forget; to bring            D. left; to take3. Before you go abroad, you need _ about table manners in that country.  A. knew   B. known   C. to know   D. knowing4. I need

56、 some paper _.A. to write    B. to write on C. to write in             D. writing5. I have no pens _. Could you please lend me one?Sure. Here you are.    A. to write      

57、0;        B. to write down C. to write with           D. to write in6.Do you think our football team will win the match?  Yes, we have better players. So I _ them to win. A. hope     B.

58、 ask     C. help     D. expect7. I am allowed _ until 12:00 on the evening of the Spring Festival.   A. stay up                B. to stay up C. staying up  

59、0;          D. to staying up8. the“No Car Day”campaign（活动）asks Beijing drivers _their cars at home one day each month.A. leave               B. leaving C. to leave   

60、0;         D. to be left9. Do you like sports?   Sure. Im looking forward to _ the 29th Olympic Gamesn Beijing on TV.A. watch B. watching C. watch        D. watching10. Good manners usually help people to _ each other. A. get on well with       B. get started C. be friendly            D. get together11.They prefer