中考英语语法专题 第二部分 第4讲 阅读理解

1、第 4 4 讲 阅读理解阅读理解是中考英语考试中所占分值最大的部分，由此可见，阅读理解部分的成绩是直接关系到考生能否通过考试或取得优异成绩的关键。因此，如何提高阅读理解水平，尤其是掌握阅读理解的应试技巧，就成为考生非常关注的问题。阅读理解的最终目的是考查考生的语言综合运用能力，即阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力。具体来说，考查以下六种能力：1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力；2.把握文章的事实和细节的能力；3.根据上下文猜测生词涵义的能力；4.对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系及对文章各段、各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力；5.依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理判断的能力；6.推断作者意图和态度的能

2、力。阅读理解中的文章内容主要涉及两大类：一类是科技方面的，如有关医学、动植物、海洋、地质、遗传、语言、天文、空间技术等；另一类是社会方面的，如有关历史、文化、家庭、婚姻、教育、娱乐、交通、住房、环境、能源等。文章体裁多样化，包括记叙文、说明文、议论文等，但从实际情况看，用作阅读理解的文章基本上以后两种体裁为主，即载有一定信息量的说明文和有作者观点的议论文。说明文、议论文会对一些社会或自然现象和问题进行解释、阐述和论证，它们的特点是信息量大且比较复杂，逻辑性强，主要是由抽象思维，如概括、判断、推理等组成的。这类文章理解的障碍主要来自于句子的复杂结构和长句，其中句子的平均长度和复杂程度都高于其他一

3、般的语言材料。2012 年广东省初中毕业生学业考试A()56.When they visit the places of interest on an East Bus,the visitors _.A.need to watch their carsB.have to worry about the drivingC.have to find places to park the busD.can sit back and relax themselves()57.From the advertisement, we can see that East Bus isa kind of _.A

4、.tourist busC.airport busBvillage busDschool bus()58._ on an East Bus can speak two languages.A. The guideCThe visitors BThe driverDThe children)59.Children under 1.2m tall need to pay _ for(the trip.A. 230 yuanC320 yuanB290 yuan D460 yuan()60.Which of the following is NOT true?A.The tour price incl

5、udes six meals.B.Visitors can see six places within three days.C.Visitors must go to the company to book the tickets.D.The office hour of the company is eight hours a day.答案本文是关于乘大巴玩转北京的广告。56.D细节理解题。由文章第二段中的 “with no need toworry about driving, finding a parking place or leaving your carwith no one

6、to watch it”可知旅客不需要担心驾驶与停车的事情，即可以全身心地放松。57.A 细节理解题。根据文章第一段的“East Busmaybethe best choice on your visit to the famous places of interest inBeijing”可知答案为 A。细节理解题。由“Chinese & English speaking guides.”58.A可知选 A。59.B数字计算题。由第六段可知，成人票价是580元，1.2米以下的儿童半价，即 290 元。60.C细节理解题。由第三段和第六段最后一句可知，行程为三天去六个地方，包两餐，故

7、A、B 项正确；又由最后一段可知公司营业时间为 8 小时。故选 C。BFifty-three years ago Barbie Millicent Roberts first appearedin the world of toys.Since then, Barbie doll, as everyone called her,has become the most successful toy doll in history.Her parent, theMattel Company, said that 90% of all American girls between 3 and10 h

8、ave at least one Barbie at home.However, Barbie is facing some trouble at present ( 现 在 ) There are many similar dolls on the market in competition withher.Another doll named Bratz, for example, came to life thirteenyears ago.She looks more like todays pop stars with heavy makeup( 浓 妆 ) and miniskir

9、ts.And her company offers more kinds ofclothes too.It seems that Barbie has lost her magic among older girls.“Foryounger girls, playing with a Barbie is much fun.But when you getolder, you want something smarter and more modern ， ” says VeraShepherd, a shop assistant in a New York toy store.It is go

10、od news that on the international market, Barbie is stillNo.1.Although Mattel is selling fewer Barbies in the United Statesthese years, sales in other countries are still going up.In January 2009,Mattel opened its first Barbie store in Shanghai, where girls can shop,eat, drink or even become fashion

11、_designers for their own Barbies.MattelisplanningbigcelebrationsforBarbies53rdbirthday.Fashion designers from all over the world have been called tomake new dresses for Barbie.How long will Barbie stay popular in theworld of toy dolls? It is hard to say, but 53 is surely not the age toretire (退休)()6

12、1.Barbies family name is_.ARobertsB. MillicentCShepherdD. Bratz()62.Barbies trouble is that_.Ait wears heavy makeup and miniskirtsBother dolls are more popular with little girlsCother dolls are trying to beat her in the marketDit has become less popular in the international market()63.Girls can do t

13、he following in the first Barbie Shop inShanghai except_.Agoing shoppingCdrinking juiceBhaving foodDtaking photos()64.Whats the meaning of the underlined words“fashion designers” in the passage?A珠宝设计师C舞台设计师B发型设计师D服装设计师()65.What is the best title of the passage?AFirst Barbie Shop in ShanghaiBBarbies

14、Past and PresentCBarbies 53rd Birthday PartyDBarbie Lost Her Magic答案本文主要讲述了芭比娃娃的过去和现在，并且提出了芭比娃娃还能够流行多久的问题。61.A 细节理解题。由文章第一句可知芭比的姓是 Roberts。62.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“There are manysimilar dolls on the market in competition with her.”可知选 C。63.D细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句中的“wheregirls can shop, eat, drink or even bec

15、ome fashion designers for theirown Barbies”可知只有拍照不在其范围内，故选 D。64.D词义猜测题。 根据最后一段第二句可知 fashiondesigners 的工作是设计服装，故选 D。65.B主旨大意题。全文对比了芭比娃娃的过去和现在，并提出了它还能流行多久的问题，故 B 项最合适。配对阅读左栏是五位病人的健康问题，右栏是七位专科医生的简介。请根据五位病人的健康问题为他们选出最合适的专科医生诊病。C()66.Kent has endless work todo every day.He has trouble gettingto sleep at

16、night and usually staysawake till 2 am.()67.8-year-old Dongdong hasa sweet tooth.He has already hadfour bad teeth and his mom isworried about his toothache.()68.Lins father has been aheavy drinker for 20 years.Hedecided to give up drinking afterthe body check which showedsome health problems.()69.Re

17、cently Betty eatswhatever she likes, including lotsof meat.She has found herselfputting on weight week by weekbut just cant stop eating.()70.Nina has a high feverbecause of the flu she caught atschool.She has such a big headachethat she cant go to school.A.Dr.Yang has developed a new treatment to he

18、lp patientsgive up drinking.She also does well in curing (治愈)diseases caused by drinking.BIf you break or lose your teeth, go to Dr.Smiths.He hasdifferent kinds of false teeth for people aged over 20, andhelps you feel good about yourself.CDr.Li got a doctors degree in traditional Chinese andwestern

19、 medicine.He is good at treating flu (fever, coughetc.) in both traditional Chinese and western medicalways.DDr.Chen has a lot of experience in helpingpatientsget normal sleep.She not only gives them medical carebut also provides advice on how to relax from busy work.EDr.Wright is always ready to of

20、fer help on eatingproblems.He believes each patient needs a different planto control his/her wish to eat.FDr.Liu, one of the best dentists in Guangdong GeneralHospital, has great skills in fixing bad teeth andcommunicating with kids to win their trust.GDr.Grey is one of the top doctors in the field

21、of heartdiseases.She used to work in America for three years andis good at doing heart operations.答案本题是有关为五位病人寻找合适的专科医生。66.D题中的关键信息“has trouble getting to sleep at night”与D 项中的“helping patients get normal sleep”相匹配。67.F 题中的关键信息“bad teeth”与 F 项中的“fixing bad teeth”相匹配。68.A题中的关键信息“decided to give up dr

22、inking”与 A 项中的“help patients give up drinking”相匹配。69.E 题中的关键信息“She has found herself putting on weightweek by week but just cant stop eating.” 与 E 项中的“offer help oneating problems”相匹配。70.C题中关键信息“has a high fever because of the flu” 与 C项中的“He is good at treating flu”相匹配。一、选择型阅读理解题(一)阅读技巧1通篇略读法通篇略读法有三

23、个目的：(1)对文章有一个总的概括和印象；(2)了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本观点与立场；(3)记住文章的信息方位。它要求考生多注意文章的主题句(一般在段落的首尾处)和关键词，可略过具体的论述、细节、数字等。这种方法较适用于叙述性的故事或说明文。2照题阅读法照题阅读法用于以下两种情况：(1)在通篇略读之后，遇到细节的、较难解决的问题时；(2)在做图片或表格阅读题(也就是A 篇阅读)时。照题阅读法的步骤为：(1)先读问题，根据问题提供的线索，在文章中找到相对应的内容。(2)仔细阅读和问题有关的前后句子。(3)再回到问题，仔细比较四个选项，确定正确答案。一般来说，照题阅读法对于细节理解题和词义猜测

24、题效果较好。(二)答题技巧1主旨大意题此类考题多针对段落或短文的主题或标题来设题。主要提问方式有：(1)Which is the best title of the passage?(2)Whats the main idea of the passage?(3)This passage mainly talks about _.技巧点拨：理解文章主旨大意的最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的，而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫作主题句。找准了主题句，就不难确定文章的中心思想及最佳标题了。主题句一般具有三个特点：(

25、1)表述的意思比较概括，相对其他句子来说，它的概括性更为明显。(2)句子结构比较简单，多数都不会采用长、难句的形式。(3)段落中的其他句子起到解释支撑主题句的作用。在一篇短文或一个段落中，大部分主题句的出现情况有以下三种：(1)主题句在篇首或段首主题句在篇首或段首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文、议论文大都采用先总述后分述的方法，读这些文章可多留心篇首或段首，通常能很快找到答案。(2)主题句在篇末或段末用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概括性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于篇末或段末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结、归纳或概括。所以当文章用各个例子进行说明时，其主题句往往在篇末或段末

26、。(3)无主题句有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句，需从文章中提炼、总结出文章的主题。这时常用的解题技巧是首先找出每一段的中心意思。各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开，或者是用来说明一个问题的，这个中心或问题就是这篇文章的主题。如 2012 年广东省卷真题第 65 题：What is the best title of the passage?A. First Barbie Shop in ShanghaiBBarbies Past and PresentCBarbies 53rd Birthday PartyDBarbie Lost Her Magic通读文章后可知，文章并没有明显的主

27、题句，所以我们需要先找出每一段都说了什么。文章第一段讲了芭比娃娃的过去，第二、三、四段都叙述了芭比娃娃的现在。因此综合起来，B项“Barbies Past and Present”就是文章的主题。2细节理解题此类考题一般在文章中都能找到相对应的答案。主要提问方式有：(1)Which of the following is TRUE (NOT true)?(2)Which of the following is NOT mentioned?(3)From the first (second/third.) paragraph we know that_.技巧点拨：这类题目有两个特点：(1)凡是针

28、对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个单词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式与题设不同。(2)干扰项往往是真假细节混杂，甚至是相关细节和无关细节混杂。解答此类题目，首先要弄清题目和每个选项的含义，然后按题目要求寻找与之相关的细节，正确估计答案来源，同时要注意题目和文章中的暗示。当答案难以确定时，还可辅以排除法。如 2012 年广东省卷真题第 62 题：Barbies trouble is that _.A. it wears heavy makeup and miniskirtsB. other dolls

29、are more popular with little girlsCother dolls are trying to beat her in the marketD. it has become less popular in the international market题目要求找出芭比娃娃面临的困难，通读文章后可知，A项的内容(化浓妆并且穿迷你裙)在第二段第四句中出现过，但仔细阅读可知，文章描述化浓妆并穿迷你裙的是芭比娃娃的竞争对手，而非芭比娃娃，故 A 项属于假细节；又根据第三段第一句可知芭比娃娃对年纪较大的女孩子吸引力减小了，根据第四段第一句可知芭比娃娃在国际市场上还是很受欢迎的

30、，故可知 B、D 项也均为假细节。而文章第二段第二句“There are manysimilar dolls on the market in competition with her.”正好是 C 项的另一种表述，故答案为 C。3词义猜测题此类考题要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。主要提问方式有：(1)The underlined word “.” in the passage (most probably)means _.(2)The underlined word in the first (second/third.) paragraphrefers to _.(3)

31、What does the underlined word “.” mean?技巧点拨：常见的猜词方法有：(1)通过定义、释义猜测词义。如 2012 年广东省卷真题第 64 题：Whats the meaning of the underlined words “fashiondesigners” in the passage?A珠宝设计师C舞台设计师B.发型设计师 D服装设计师读完全文后可知，最后一段中的“Fashion designers”后有一个 短 语 “to make new dresses for Barbie” ，正好 解释 了 fashiondesigners 是做 什么的 ，

32、根据 这个解释和 生活常 识可 以判 断fashion designers 是“服装设计师”的意思。故答案应为 D。(2)通过同位、并列关系猜测词义。有时，需要猜测的词语后面或前面会出现一个并列的单词，它们两者往往会有一定的联系，考生可以根据这个并列的单词来进行联想和猜测。(3)通过生活常识猜测词义。考生有时可以联系生活常识来猜测生词，这样的生词通常会在文章中对其功能、性质有一些解释性的句子，可以帮助考生更好地进行猜测。(4)通过转折、因果、同义、反义关系和情景、逻辑猜测词义。在 but, however, yet, otherwise, though 这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前

33、后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，并通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。如：Though Karls face has been washed many times, his ears stillremain grubby.由“has been washed many times”可知暗含的意思是 Karl 的脸很干净(clean)，而 but 表示前后两个意思相对，句中和 clean意思相对的就是“grubby”了，因此可猜出句中 grubby 的意思是“脏的”。再如：Lisa let the hairdresser trim her hair a bit because it

34、 grew toolong.根据 because 从句的意思，我们可推测 trim 就是“修剪”之意。(5)通过构词法猜测词义。根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。如：The journey to Hawaii this summer is unforgettable .利用构词法常识和我们已熟悉的词 forget，我们可以知道unforgettable 就是“令人难忘的”的意思。(6)根据列举的事例猜测词义。有些需要猜测的生词后会用冒号或破折号引出列举的例子，通过这些例子，就能比较容易地猜测出生词词义。4推理判断题这类考题要求考生透过表面文字信息推测文字的隐含意思，对文章的发展情节及作者态度、意图等作出合乎逻辑的推