TypesofBusinessOrganization

1、classifications of business organizationtwo ways of classification: the first classification- by industry sector（产业部门）: service business （服务性行业）& goods-producing business （生产性行业） finance & insurance transportations & utilities wholesale（批发） & retail trade other services like bankings

2、ervice business manufacturing（制造业） construction（建设业） mining （矿业） agriculture （农业） goods-producingbusinesssecond classification -by the ownership of firms:three basic forms of business and other types一 sole proprietorship（独资企业）二 partnership（合伙企业）三 corporation（有限公司）other types :joint venture（合资企业）, te

3、chnical partnership（技术合伙企业） , syndicate（企业联合）, cooperative（合作社）, and franchise（特许经营） the main differences between the types of ownership are in their ability to raise capital, the size and the continuity of the enterprise, the disposition of profits, and the legal obligations in the event of bankrup

4、tcy. 各种所有权最主要的区别就是筹集资金的能力，企业的大小以及连续性，利润的分配，还有在破产时的法律责任difinition sole means single, and the proprietor is the owner.v a sole proprietorship is a business owned and usually managed by just one person who is responsible for its debts, although it may have many employees. （尽管独资企业有很多的员工，它通常由负责其债务管理业务的唯一

5、一个人拥有管理）一 sole proprietorship（独资企业）advantages:v ease of establishment（易于成立）v independence（独立性）v flexibility（灵活性）v secrecy（隐蔽性）v pride of ownership（对所有权的满足感）v tax advantages（税务优势）disadvantages:v limited potential for profitability（有限的盈利潜力）v management problems（管理问题）v financial problems（经济问题）v unlimit

6、ed liability （无限责任）v overwhelming time commitment（时间投入）v few fringe benefit （附加福利）v limited growth（有限的扩张）v limited life（生存时间短）二partnership（合作企业/合伙公司） definition：v a partnership is a legal association of two or more persons in a business, as co-owners of that business.v （合伙是两人或两人以上的合法联合，作为该业务的共同业主。）v

7、 three key elements（基础）: (1) common ownership（共同所有权）; (2) shared profits and losses（共同盈利以及承担损失）; (3) the right to participate in managing the operations of the business（有管理公司运作的权力） three types of partnerships: (1) general partnerships（普通合伙制） (2) limited partnerships (有限（责任）合伙制) (3) master limited pa

8、rtnerships (业主有限合伙制) advantages:v shared management(共同经营)v incentives for talented employees （鼓励有才华的员工）v profit potential（潜在的盈利）v legal advantage（法律优势）v financial advantage（经济优势）v longer survival（生存时间较长）disadvantages:v unlimited liability（无限责任）v interpersonal problems（人际问题）v management difficulties

9、（管理上的困难）v difficult to terminate（很难终止）v life span（寿命）三corporation(有限公司) definition:v a corporation is a body formed and authorized by law to act as a single person although constituted by one or more persons and legally endowed with various rights and duties.（股东以其出资额为限对公司承担责任，公司以其全部资产对公司的债务承担责任。 ）v

10、to form a corporation, at least three incorporators /shareholders/ stockholders （公司股东）are needed.advantages:v limited liability（有限的责任）v more money for investment （更多投资的资金）v liquidity （周转率， 流动性， 现金）v size（公司大小）v unlimited life span（无限的寿命）v ease of ownership change（所有权易于变更）v ease of drawing talented e

11、mployees（易于发掘优秀的员工）disadvantages:v costs of incorporation（注册费用高）v size（公司的大小）v public disclosure requirements（资料公开的要求）v tax problems（税收高）other types of business organization joint venture（合资企业）, technical partnership（技术合伙企业） ，syndicate（企业联合）， cooperative（合作社）, and franchise（特许经营）v a joint venture is

12、 a company established for the cooperation of two or more companies in accomplishing a specific task. the joint venture is often formed to bring together companies whose expertise in different areas can contribute to the total success of a particular project.（合资公司是为完成特定任务的两个或两个以上的公司合作成立的。该合资企业往往形成汇集

13、公司，其在不同领域的专业知识，可以促进某一特定项目的总成功）v technical partnership （技术合作企业）is an arrangement whereby one company buys a chunk of another companys stock so that the two can team up on new technologies and products.（技术合作企业是一个公司买另一个公司的股份，从而两家公司联手开发新的技术以及产品）v syndicates (联合企业， 辛迪加）are temporary associations of two o

14、r more firms, usually for mutual investment. cooperative （合作社）v a cooperative is owned and controlled by the people who use it - producers, consumers, or workers with similar needs who pool their resources for mutual gain.（合作社是为使用它的人所拥有及控制，比如，生产者，消费者，或者是工人） v a cooperative is the business run by a g

15、roup of workers who are the owners and who share the profits. (由工人经营， 工人既是业主又是共同分享利润者） franchises（特许经营）v a franchise agreement is an arrangement whereby someone with a good idea for a business (the franchisor/er) grants and sells the exclusive rights to use the franchisers name and to sell a product or service (the franchise ) to others (the franchisee) in a given territory, usually in exchange for an ini