研究生英语综合教程2

1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材综合教程（上）综合教程（上）integrated course2unit 2art of the tableobjectives of unit 2 to understand culinary delights in china（中国美食） in reading focus. to introduce some chinese dishes and tell the stories about their names. to understand french cuisines kwzi:n 美食and the factors that caused the dec

2、line of french cuisine in reading more. to translate attributive clauses (2). to grasp some important words and phrases, including the ones of chinese dietary culture.chinese cuisine（中国美食） originated from various regions of china and . there are great cultural differences among the different regions

3、 of china, giving rise to the different styles of food. traditionally, there are eight main regional cuisines or eight cuisines(八大菜系）coming from anhui（徽）, guangdong(粤）, fujian（闽）, hunan（湘）, jiangsu（苏）, shandong（鲁）, sichuan（川） and zhejiang（浙）provinces. take sichuan cuisine as an example, we use many

4、spices（调味品）, for example, chinese prickly ash seeds(花椒） and chili pepper/ powder （辣椒粉）to make dishes very spicy（香辣的） and flavorful. chinese spices调味品调味品 cooking wine vinegar soy sauce chili pepper/ powder prickly ash seed sesame sesmi oil 料酒料酒 醋醋 酱油酱油 辣椒粉辣椒粉 花椒花椒 香油香油 chinese cooking methods boil st

5、eam fry fry fry stew（文火炖）（文火炖） braise（炖，焖）（炖，焖） simmer（慢慢煮，煨）（慢慢煮，煨） 煮煮 蒸蒸 煎煎 炒炒 炸炸 炖炖chinese cooking methodsbraise, stew, simmer的区别：的区别：braise 炖，用于大块食材，炖，用于大块食材， 液体不完全液体不完全cover。 例如：例如：红烧蹄膀红烧蹄膀/肘子肘子 braised tendontendn with brown saucestew 文火炖，跟文火炖，跟braise接近，接近， 食材小，液体全食材小，液体全cover。 例如：例如：红烧肉红烧肉 st

6、ewed pork with brown saucesimmer 煨煨 1.慢慢地沸腾，使（液体）的温度维持在沸点或稍低于沸点的温度慢慢地沸腾，使（液体）的温度维持在沸点或稍低于沸点的温度; 2. 用在熬汤，就是用汤在煮食材，把食材的味道熬进汤里。用在熬汤，就是用汤在煮食材，把食材的味道熬进汤里。 烧饼烧饼clay oven rolls/sesame seed cake traditional chinese food 油条油条fried bread stick traditional chinese food豆浆豆浆 soybean milk traditional chinese food

7、臭豆腐臭豆腐 stinky （smelly）tofu traditional chinese food火锅火锅 hot pot traditional chinese food皮蛋皮蛋 lime-preserved egg/chinese preserved egg/preserved duck egg traditional chinese food饺子饺子boiled dumpling包子包子steamed dumplingtraditional chinese food how is it prepared? procedure: the correct order? a. roll d

8、ough into round pieces of wrapping b. boil, steam, fry c. knead dough d （揉面） d. wrap fillings up e. put meat or eggs, vegetables and spices together order: c-e-a-d-bculinary delights in chinaglobal understanding2local chinese cuisines3every dish has a story4warmth and hospitalityexpressed by food(pa

9、ras. 2-5)(paras. 6-11)(paras. 12-15)group discussion and report g1-paras.2&3 g2-paras.4&5 g3-paras.6&7 g4-para.8 g5-para.9 g6-paras.10&11 g7- paras.12-14 g8- para.15 task1: summarize the main idea of each paragraph. task2: explain at least 2 key words and expressions for each paragra

10、ph. task3: translate or paraphrase 2 long and difficult sentences.sichuan cuisine:_the use of chinese prickly ash seeds and other spices like chili pepper global understandingdelicious yet economicalfamous for its spicy and hot food guangdong cuisine:with its _ _ _b. famous for _ _c. _global underst

11、andingown characteristics that has exerted a far-reaching influence on other parts of china and the worldits seafood as well as for its originality and refined cooking processesoffering various soupszhejiang cuisine:a. _b. _global understandinglight and exquisitewith the refreshing flavors of nature

12、驴打滚儿驴打滚儿 glutinous rice rolls stuffed with red bean paste（红豆馅的糯米卷）（红豆馅的糯米卷） 四喜丸子四喜丸子 braised pork balls in gravy（肉汁焖丸子（肉汁焖丸子)麻婆豆腐麻婆豆腐 mapo tofu (stir-fried tofu in hot sauce)(用辣酱煸炒的豆腐）用辣酱煸炒的豆腐）驴打滚儿 rolling donkey(翻滚的毛驴)四喜丸子four glad meatballs（四个高兴的肉团）麻婆豆腐 bean curd made by a pock-marked woman （麻脸的女人

13、做的豆腐)rightwrongglobal understandinggoubuli:a. goubuli steamed buns _.b. they were _. dongpo meat:a. _, a great poet of the northern song dynasty.b. _. first sold in tianjin about 150 years ago so popular that the owner had no time to answer his customersthis dish was named after su dongpohe rewarded

14、 workers with stewed pork in soy sauceglobal understandingbuddha jumping over the wall:this dish was created in the _.b. it is prepared _.c. _. gathering spring garden in fuzhou, fujian, during the reign of qing emperor guangxu.with more than 20 main ingredientsa poet wrote a poem for the dishglobal

15、 understandingeating habits have not changed.a. the old and young _.b. elders _.c. the hostess or host _.d. every one_. sit in order of seniority select food for the young and the young make toasts to the eldersapportions the dishes to treat gueststakes into consideration the needs of the groupgloba

16、l understandingspecial food for social festivals:a. _.b. _.c. _.jiaozi for the spring festivalyuanxiao for the lantern festivalzongzi for duanwu festivalassignment1. learn the important words and phrases by heart.2. finish the exercises after reading focus.3. read the passage of reading more by your

17、self.4. group work: get ready for the role-play on p62. useful expressions 2. 以以.而闻名而闻名/驰名驰名3. 区分区分be famous fordistinguish .from.exert an influence on. be typical of.6. 可以得到可以得到have access to.7. 闹笑话，出丑闹笑话，出丑 make a fool of oneself4. 对对.产生影响产生影响1. 被誉为被誉为.5. 是是.的代表的代表be known as useful expressions 9.

18、 老字号老字号10. 以以.的名字命名的名字命名time-cherished brand namebe named afterin charge of in the eyes of13. 向向.敬酒敬酒make toasts to14. 告别告别bid farewell to11. 负责负责8. 跟上跟上12. 在在.看来看来keep up with task 2choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text. (p 43) detailed information key 1-

19、 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-cdabdbbdabfinal project role-play suppose you are new to the city where you will be pursuing your masters degree. you go to a very famous local restaurant and ask the waiter or waitress to recommend some local specialties for you. your partner will play the role of a wait

20、er or waitress who tries to present as many details of the specialty to you as possible, ranging from the ingredients to the flavor.words and expressions you may use: clear, light, crisp, fresh, tender, soft, smooth, sweet, heavy, greasy油腻的, spicy, thick roast, stir-fry, sautsutei 用少量油煎（或炒）, deep-fr

21、y油炸 , braise, stew, steam, simmer, fry, boil choice seafood, careful selection of ingredients, sauce and seasoning, natural flavor, artistic presentation, delicate carving technique what specialty would you recommend? i was wondering if im interested in knowing about the ingredients. how is it prepa

22、red?final projectmodel role play a: i am wondering whether there are any local specialties in your restaurant or not? b: our restaurant specializes in local specialties and id like to recommend you one of the most popular specialties here. a: what is it? b: dongpo meat. a: how is it prepared? does i

23、t taste different? b: it is prepared over a slow fire where the big chunks of pork are braised with green onion大葱大葱, ginger, cooking wine, soy sauce, and sugar. the finished dish is bright red in color and the meat is tender and juicy and not at all greasy.a: sounds gorgeous. is it named after su do

24、ngpo, a great poet of the northern song dynasty?b: right. when he was in charge of the drainage work for the west lake, he rewarded workers with stewed pork in soy sauce, and people later named it dongpo meat to commemorate him.a: ok, ill have one. what other specialties would you like to recommend

25、me?model role playtask 1choose the answer that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence. (p46)vocabulary in action key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-abbcbabcactask 21. buda. a blossom develops from a _.b. in this poem, the _ flower means youth.2. accessa. the only _ to that ancie

26、nt castle is along a muddy track.b. users can _ their voice mail remotely.3. tastea. the medicine had a slightly bitter _.b. there was a lot of hard work before we first _ success.fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate form of the word given and explain its meaning. (p47)vocabulary in action

27、 bud (n.)budding (adj.)access (n.)access (v.)taste (n.)taste (v.)4. foola. katherine was nobodys _ when it came to money.b. its no good _ yourself. hes not coming back.5. producea. the factory _ an incredible 100 cars per hour.b. we sell tinned goods and local _.6. garnisha. they _ the room with mod

28、ern paintings.b. the chicken was served with _of parsley and green onion.7. reigna. the queen _ but does not rule.b. the kings _ lasted for 30 years.vocabulary in action fool (n.)fooling (n.)produces (v.)produces (n.)garnish (v.)garnishes (n.)reigns (v.)reign (n.)8. concerna. environmental protectio

29、n is a growing _ in china.b. he loved his wife, and _ for her happiness.9. namea. the building is _ after a successful entrepreneur.b. could i call you by your first _?10. practicea. ive_ playing the piano for five years.b. it is his_ to take a walk after dinner every evening.vocabulary in action co

30、ncern (n.)concerned (v.)named (v.)name (n.)practiced (v.)practice (n.)task 3fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word from the box. change the form if necessary.vocabulary in action masterpiece integrate partake steam choiceamaze pleasure present aspire handintegrationchoicehandedaspirings

31、teamingvocabulary in action masterpiecespleasurepartakeamazingpresentedmasterpiece integrate partake steam choiceamaze pleasure present aspire handa cuisine crisis global understanding critical thinking language points vocabulary in action1234discuss in groups to identify the missing information.rea

32、ding moreglobal understandingpiled high in greengrocers creative geometricsoysterhare, venison, boarsmell and savordiscuss in groups to identify the missing information.reading moreglobal understanding different and marketable nutty, fruity impudentfrance has chefs who are interested in good product

33、sfrance still has peasant agriculture as well as factory farmsreading moreglobal understandingmany fruits and vegetables on the outdoor market are imported from foreign countries. gallic talent, taste and technique have been exported all over the world and at the same time, what is mediocre, cheap a

34、nd popular has been imported. reading moreglobal understandingmore and more restaurateurs have to cope with red tape, not to mention edicts from brussels that affect everything from sales taxes to the bacteria in the brie. the “harmonized” value-added taxes benefit fast-food chains while penalizing

35、sit-down restaurants.strict labor laws restrict hiring, firing and temp-work. government regulations, for example, cap, favor quantity over quality.critical thinkingcritical thinkingreading morecritical thinkingread the following sentences and decide whether you agree with the author or not. work in

36、 groups to provide examples to support or argue against the authors points.1. globalization is partly responsible for the decline of french cuisine.2. artistic success often spells business disaster. 1. meanwhile, what was mediocre elsewherealbeit cheap and popularhas been imported. (para. 4)mediocr

37、e: (adj.) not very goode.g. 1) i thought the book was pretty mediocre. 2) hes a person of mediocre abilities. albeit: (conj.) although; even if; even though 尽管，即使；纵然 e.g. a peaceful, albeit brief retirement 虽然短暂但却很平静的退休生活 language point 2. from the napa valley to the thames and tokyo, non-french coo

38、ks have cracked the codes of the best french cuisine. (para. 4) paraphrase: cooks from other parts of the world have learned the highlights of the french cuisine.crack: (v.) to solve a complicated problem, or to find the answer to a mystery 解决(难题)；解开(秘密) e.g. detectives believe they can crack the ca

39、se. 侦探们相信他们可以破这个案子。 language point 3. they have become ensnared in the red tape for which france is infamous. (para. 5)ensnare: (v.) to entangle or catch in (or as if in) a mesh net e.g. park rangers found three deer that had become ensnared in traps. 公园管理员找到了3只被困在陷阱里的鹿。 ensnared into a loveless rel

40、ationship 受骗而陷入一种没有爱的关系之中 infamous: well known for something bad e.g. an infamous criminal 臭名昭著的罪犯 language point 4. but the real paradox of french cookingin france, at leastis that artistic success often spells business disaster. (para. 7) paradox: situation or idea that is strange because it has f

41、eatures or qualities that you would not expect to exist together 自相矛盾的情况；似非而是的说法；悖论 e.g. the paradox of people with the best qualifications not being able to get jobs 高学历的人无法找到工作的怪事 spell trouble/disaster/danger etc: if a situation or action spells trouble etc, it makes you expect trouble etc: e.g.

42、1) the lack of rain could spell disaster for farmers. 2)these changes spell ruin for the company.language point 5. if the french were under the same fiscal regime as the united states, wed be able to create twice as many jobs. (para. 8)regime: (n.)1) a particular system of government or management,

43、especially one you disapprove of e.g. military/totalitarian/fascist regime; brutal/oppressive/corrupt regime2) a particular system, used especially when talking about a previous system, or one that has just been introduced e.g. under the new regime, all sheep and cattle will be regularly tested for

44、disease.language point 6. many small farmers and restaurateurs seem to be fighting a rearguard action just to survive. (para. 11)fighting a rearguard action: to make a determined effort to prevent a change that you think is bad, although it seems too late to stop it e.g. 1) they have been fighting a

45、 rearguard action to stop a supermarket being built on the land. 2) he fought a stubborn rearguard action against political reform.language point 7. the problems afflicting french cuisine are emblematic of those that plague the economy as a whole. (para. 12)plague: (v.) to cause continual discomfort

46、, suffering, or trouble to someone e.g. 1) he has been plaguing me with silly questions. 2) financial problems continued to plague the company.language point choose the answer that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. (p56)vocabulary in action key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6-

47、 7- 8- 9- 10-aadbabcaabtask 1task 2 e.g. artistic success often spells business disaster.“spell” means indicate /signify in the sentence. english words assume different meanings in different contexts. explain the meaning of the underlined word in the context. (p57)vocabulary in action vocabulary in

48、action 1. the congenial quaintness of the street market, in fact, draws directly on globalization.“congenial” means _ in the sentence.2. non-french cooks have cracked the codes of the best french cuisine.“crack” means _ in the sentence.pleasantunderstandvocabulary in action 3. at the annual agricult

49、ural fair in paris this spring, visitors not only enjoyed sipping wines, but olive oils.“fair” means _ _ in the sentence. 4. olive oilsone a little nutty, another quite fruity, some of them, one is tempted to say, just a little impudent. “impudent” means _ in the sentence. an event in which people o

50、r businesses show or sell their productscheekyvocabulary in action 5. consider the value-added taxes that were “harmonized” all over europe during the 1990s. “harmonized” means _ in the sentence. 6. they penalize sit-down restaurants, whether humble bistros or haute cuisine. “humble” means _ in the

51、sentence. unifiedmodest or unpretentiousvocabulary in action 7. the cap is supposed to benefit small farmers, keep them on the land and thus nurture the terroir that gives french cooking its soul. “nurture” means _ in the sentence.8. the problems afflicting french cuisine are emblematic of those tha

52、t plague the economy as a whole. “afflict” means _ in the sentence. “plague” means _ in the sentence.cherishcause pain or sufferannoy/troublevocabulary in action 9. like french cuisine, the french economy still holds the occasional surprise. “hold” means _ in the sentence.10. but the basic problems

53、of bureaucracy, taxes and social reluctance to change remain a burden for everyone. “reluctance” means _ in the sentence.haveunwillingness 定语从句在句中充当定语，修饰某一名词或代词。引定语从句在句中充当定语，修饰某一名词或代词。引导定语从句的关联词可以是关系代词（如导定语从句的关联词可以是关系代词（如 who, which, that）和关系副词（如和关系副词（如 when, where, as）。定语从句可分为限制性）。定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限

54、制性定语从句两种。定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。定语从句的翻译定语从句的翻译: : 在英译汉中，定语从句的处理办法一般用前置法、后置法、在英译汉中，定语从句的处理办法一般用前置法、后置法、融合法和转换法等。融合法和转换法等。1. 前置法前置法 把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的的”的定语词组的定语词组, 放置于放置于被修饰的词之前，将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。被修饰的词之前，将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句。2. 后置法后置法 有时定语从句可视上下文将其译成独立的句子或与主句并列有时定语从句可视上下文将其译成独立的句子或与主句并列的分句，放在被修饰词的

55、后面。的分句，放在被修饰词的后面。定定1. a man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps. 我们往往可以从一个人我们往往可以从一个人所阅读的所阅读的书以及书以及所交往的所交往的朋友去看他朋友去看他的为人。的为人。 2. but if you put down a book you dont like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, y

56、ou will almost certainly have a good time. 但是如果你把但是如果你把自己觉得没劲的自己觉得没劲的书放下另换别的，直到发现一书放下另换别的，直到发现一本本你认为有意思的你认为有意思的书，然后轻松地读下去，那么几乎可以肯书，然后轻松地读下去，那么几乎可以肯定你会感到很快活的。定你会感到很快活的。定语从句定语从句“he reads” ，“he keeps”分别被译成带分别被译成带“的的”的短语的短语“所阅读的所阅读的”，“所交往的所交往的”放在中心词前面。放在中心词前面。这又是一个定语从句译成带这又是一个定语从句译成带“的的”的短语放在中心词前面的短语放在中

57、心词前面的例子。的例子。3. people are still talking about the historic events of several years ago, when man took his first walk in space. 人们仍然在谈论几年前的历史性事件，人们仍然在谈论几年前的历史性事件，那时人类首次进行了太空行走。那时人类首次进行了太空行走。4. they are looking for a city where the standard of living is high and the cost of living is low. 他们要寻找一座城市，他们

58、要寻找一座城市，在那里生活水准高，但是生活成本低。在那里生活水准高，但是生活成本低。5. they act mostly on suggestions from present members, of whom four are women. 他们大多听从现在成员的建议行事，他们大多听从现在成员的建议行事，这些成员中有这些成员中有4人是女性。人是女性。非限制性定语从句译成短句放在被修饰词非限制性定语从句译成短句放在被修饰词“几年前几年前”后面，后面，译文表达清晰流畅。译文表达清晰流畅。这里，这里，where引导的定语从句较长，放在中心词引导的定语从句较长，放在中心词 “city”后后面，符合汉

59、语表达习惯。面，符合汉语表达习惯。非限制性定语从句处理成单句放在中心词后面，使译文顺畅。非限制性定语从句处理成单句放在中心词后面，使译文顺畅。 1. 融合法融合法 融合法是指翻译时把主句和定语从句融合成一句简单句，其中的定语从句译成简单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句关系较紧密，所以，融合法多用于翻译限制性定语从句，尤其是 there be 结构带有定语从句的句型。原句中的主句部分there is a man 翻译成“有人”，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。1) there is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 楼下有人要见你。楼下有人要

60、见你。2) in our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention. 在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。3) being ok with risk is something that industry demands. 企业要求员工能承受风险。企业要求员工能承受风险。原句中的主句部分there are many people 翻译成“许多人”，作译文的主语，然后将定语从句译成句子的谓语部分。与其将从句处理成带“的”的前置定语“接受风险是企业要求的东西”，或是后置的分