Chapter 1.Introduction of Linguistics

1、Mama Apes gibber.Ducks quack.Cats mew ( purr)Pigeon cooPigs grunt.Frogs croak.模仿金属/动作发出的声音：clash, clank, ting, tinkle, clang, jangle, ding-dong, tick-tackSn-1) breath-noise: sniff, snuff, snore, snort2)quick separation or movement: snip, snap, snatch3)creeping: snake, snail, sneak, snoopSl-1) slippe

2、ry: slide, slip, slither, slush, sluice2) pejorative sense: slattern, slut, slang, sly, sloppy, slovenlySk-: 与表面接触：skate, skim, skin, skid-ump: 表示圆形体：plump, chump, rump, hump, stump, dump, lump/h/表示猛烈使劲时的气喘声：heavy, haste, hurry, hit, heave, hoarse, hurl等Wh-表示“剧烈”的拟声词：Wham(砰), whang（重击声）, whop（打击声）,

3、wheez（呼哧呼哧）, whicker（嘶鸣声）, whinny (马嘶), whomp（撞击声）, whoop（喘气声）But the vast majority of the words in all languages are non-onomatopoeic: The connection between their form and their meaning is arbitrary in that, given the form, it is impossible to predict the meaning and, given the meaning, it is impo

4、ssible to predict the form.Scores of soundsHundreds of morphemesHundreds of thousands of wordsAstronomical number of sentences语言的双重性表现在两语言的双重性表现在两个方面：个方面： 1. 用自身无意义的用自身无意义的 语音构成语音构成 有意义的有意义的语言单位语言单位 2. 用小单位构成大用小单位构成大单位单位Metafunctions元功能元功能Ideational 概念功能Interpersonal人际功能 Textual语篇功能PhoneticsPhonology morphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsMacrolinguisticsDescriptiveprescriptiveprescriptivedescriptiveinterpretiveSign/signeSignifier/signifiantSignified/ signifiSound-imageLinguistic formConceptMeaning the thing indicated by the signifier e.g. This is not a love story. T