appraisal theory -- attitude

1、lChapter 11l l Appraisal theoryl - Ways of FeelingContentsl11.2. Attitude: Ways of Feelingsl 11.2.1 Kinds of feelingl 11.2.1.1 Affectl 11.2.1.1.1 Realizations of affectl 11.2.1.1.2 Classifications of affectl11.2.1.2 Judgmentl 11.2.1.2.1 Realizations for social esteeml 11.2.1.2.2 Realizations of soci

2、al sanctionl11.2.1.3 Appreciationl 11.2.1.3.1 Realizations of appreciationl 11.2.1.3.2 Subtypes of appreciation l11.2.2 Bordersl 11.2.2.1 Naturel 11.2.2.2 Source and targetl11.2.3 Indirect realizationsl11.2.4 ReferencesAttitudeAffectJudgmentAppreciationl Attitude refers to evaluate resources that th

3、e speaker or writer expresses or makes to participants and processes according to peoples emotional responses and value system restricted by culture. Attitude is subdivided into three branches, which are demonstrated as following.11.2.Attitudes :Ways of FeelingFigure 11.1 framework of Attitude Appra

4、isal theory considers three types of attitude:lAffect (personal emotions- emotional category );lJudgment (appraisal of others behavior- ethical category)lAppreciation (evaluation of phenomena- aesthetic category )lAll three ways of feeling can be either positive or negative .11.2.1 Kinds of feelings

5、l l 从一个角度看，判断和鉴赏是体制化的（institutionalized) 感情。 判断是对应该怎么做 即“建议” （proposal）中的感情的再加工，其中有些建议已被作为正式的规章制度。鉴赏 的对事物价值的评估 即“ 命题”（proposition）中的感情的再加工，其中有些估值已被固定为奖赏制度。 如果用图表示，情感处于三者的中心，判断和鉴赏居于两端。l Affect is the centre of attitude. It shows the most visible way for the language speaker or writer to evaluate inci

6、dence, peoples character and their feelings. According to Martin and White (Martin and White, 2008), emotions can be positive and negative, which can be grouped into three major sets.l dis/inclination: desire, fear affect un/happiness: happy ,sadl in/security: confident, anxiousl dis/satisfaction: p

7、leased, angry lFigure 11.2 Framework of Affect 11.2.1.1 Affectl11.2.1.1.1 Realization of effectsl we are developing attitude as a discourse semantic system, we can expect its realizations to diversify across a range of grammatical structures. And this is certainly true of affect. In terms of Hollida

8、y 1994 terms, these realizations comprise modification of participants and processes, affective mental and behavioral processes, and modal Adjuncts.l11.2.1.1.2 Classification of affectlBy way of classifying affect, we in fact drew on the following six factors, several of which are foregrounded in th

9、e grammar of English (after Halliday 1994) and so we assumed of highly generalized relevance to the question of types of emotion. For purposes of this discussion well call the conscious participant experiencing the emotion an Emoter情绪者, and the phenomenon responsible for that emotion a Trigger 触发物.l

10、 Martin 和 White 将有意识的经历情感体验的介入者叫做感受主体，引起那种情感的现象叫做触发物。l Figure 11.3 Example of emoter and triggerli. Are the feelings popularly construed by the culture as positive (good vibes that are enjoyable to experience) or negative ones (bad vibes that are better avoided)? We are not concerned here with the v

11、alue that a particular uncommon sense psychological framework might place on one or another emotionl positive affect the captain was happy.l negative affect the captain was sad.lii. Are the feelings realized as a surge of emotion involving some kind of embodied paralinguistic or extralinguistic mani

12、festation, or more internally experienced as a kind of emotive state or ongoing mental process? Grammatically this distinction is constructed as the opposition between behavioral (eg She smiled at him) versus mental (eg She liked him) or relational (eg She felt happy with him) processes.lbehavioural

13、 surge the captain weptlmental process/state the captain disliked l leavingliii. Are the feelings construed as directed at or reacting to some specific emotional Trigger or as a general ongoing mood for which one might pose the question Why are you feeling that way? and get the answer Im not sure. G

14、rammatically this distinction is constructed as the opposition between mental processes (She likes him/he pleases her) and relational states (shes happy). With the mental processes both the Emoter and the Trigger of the emotion are participants (Senser and Phenomenon) and thus directly implicated in

15、 the process; with relational states the Emoter and the emotion are the participants (Carrier and Attribute), pushing the Trigger to an optional circumstantial position (shes happy with him/about that).l reaction to other the captain disliked leaving l undirected mood the captain was sadliv. How are

16、 the feelings graded towards the lower valued end of a scale of intensity or towards the higher valued end; or somewhere in between? We dont wish at this stage to imply that low, median and high are discrete values (as with modality cf. Halliday 1994: 3589),but expect that most emotions offer lexica

17、lizations that grade along a evenly clined scale (cf. the discussion of sadness below).l low the captain disliked leavingl median the captain hated leavingl high the captain detested leavinglv. Do the feelings involve intention (rather than reaction), with respect to a stimulus that is irrealis (rat

18、her than realis). Grammatically this distinction is constructed as the opposition between desiderative and emotive mental processes (Id like to vs I like it); for further discussion of the grammar at issue here see Davidse 1991, Halliday 1994, Lock1996, Matthiessen 1995.l realis the captain disliked

19、 leavingl irrealis the captain feared leavinglPassive mental processes of the please type fall between these poles (shes pleased by him), especially where the Phenomenon is left implicit (shes pleased) in which case instances are typically hard to categorize as mental or relational. We can think of

20、this region of meaning as a scale graded along the following lines:lmentall she likes himl he pleases herl shes pleased by himl shes pleasedl shes pleased with himl shes very pleasedl shes happylvi. The final variable in our typology of affect groups emotions into three major sets having to do with

21、un/happiness, in/security and dis/satisfaction. The un/happiness variable covers emotions concerned with affairs of the heart sadness, hate, happiness and love; the in/security variable covers emotions concerned with ecosocial well-being anxiety, fear, confidence and trust; the dis/satisfaction vari

22、able covers emotions concerned with telos (the pursuit of goals) ennui, displeasure, curiosity, respect.l un/happiness the captain felt sad/happyl in/security the captain felt anxious/confidentl dis/satisfaction the captain felt fed up/absorbed l 11.2.1.2 JudgmentlJudgment: it is refers to evaluate

23、the behavior of the language speaker based on the social norms. As the subbranch of Attitude system, it has developed in specific cultural contexts and ideological values and are determined by culture which people live in, peoples experience, expectation and their faith. In general terms, judgments

24、could be subdivided into social esteem社会评判 and social sanction 社会约束, which we can refer to in the following Table 2.6, 2.7. Social esteem refers to social communitys assessment toward a person, which can be raise or lower his or her esteem in their community. But it does not legal or moral meaning.

25、While social sanction involves the evaluation of legality, morality and religion. Both can be positive and negative . Social esteem is related to how unusual someone is , how capable they are and how resolute. While social sanction is concerned with how truthful someone is and how ethical someone is

26、.l l normality: fortunate, helplessl esteem capacity: powerful, weakl tenacity: resolute, reckless judgment veracity: truthful, dishonest sanction propriety: ethical, immoral Figure 11.4 Framework of Judgment l l l l11.2.1.2.1 realizations for social esteeml Illustrative realizations for social este

27、em are presented for normality规范规范, capacity才干才干 and tenacity韧性韧性. The range of meanings listed is not exhaustive, and the examples have not been graded along a high through median to low scale. As with affect, we can recognize positive and negative evaluations traits we admire alongside those we cr

28、iticize.l 社会评判判断一个人的行为是否符合常规，他是否有才干，是否坚强。这种判断往往是口头的，没有书面条文可依。对这些问题是否有同感是组成家庭、结成盟友时要考虑的一个重要方面。l11.2.1.2.2 Realizations of social sanctionl Illustrative realizations for social sanction are presented for veracity诚实诚实 and propriety妥当妥当, including positive and negative evaluations behavior we praise alo

29、ngside that we condemn.l社会约束是从诚实和妥当对人的个性及行为作出判断：判断一个人是否坦诚，行为是否妥当。这种判断往往有国家或教廷的已形成法律制度的书面条文可依。在这个问题上共识是文明社会或宗教教义的基础。 l among our readership may recognize a shift from social esteem to social sanction comparable to that from venial to mortal sins. For the rest of us, its perhaps more a question of who

30、 we turn to for help too much negative esteem, and we may need to visit a therapist; too much negative sanction, and a lawyer may need to be called inl 11.2.1.3 Appreciationl Appreciation: usually as aesthetic concerned, it is related to those evaluations and assessments towards the discourses, prod

31、ucts phenomena and processes. The expression of Affect and the Judgment of character and the appreciation of the value could be positive or negative, which could be expressed in an explicit or implicit way. The appreciation also includes a non aesthetic category of social valuation, which carries th

32、e significant or harmful meanings, etc. in general terms, Appreciation consists of three categories, namely reaction 反应, composition构成 and valuation估值, which could be shown in the following Table. l impact: exciting, tediousl reactionl quality: good, nastyl l balance: unified, discordantlappreciatio

33、n compositionl complexity: simple, simplisticl valuation: profound, shallowl lFigure 11.5 Framework of Appreciationl11.2.1.3.1 Realizations of appreciationl Illustrative realizations for appreciation are presented in Table 2.8 for reaction, composition and valuation. The range of meanings listed is

34、not exhaustive, and the examples have not been graded along a high through median to low scale. As with affect and judgment, we can recognize positive and negative evaluations properties we value alongside those we do not.l11.2.1.3.2 Subtypes of appreciation l Grammatically, as Suzanne Eggins has su

35、ggested to us, we might think of reaction反应反应, composition构成构成 and valuation估值估值 in relation to mental processes the way we look at things (our gaze). Reaction is related to affection (emotive it grabs me, desiderative I want it); composition is related to perception (our view of order); and valuati

36、on is related to cognition (our considered opinions). Alternatively, the appreciation framework might be interpreted metafunctionally with reaction oriented to interpersonal significance, composition to textual organization and valuation to ideational worth11.2.2 Bordersl11.2.2.1 Nature l这章讨论情感、判断、鉴

37、赏的分界。态度从本质上讲是一种等级意义，所以其典型表达手段是形容词性质的词语。表达情感的专属句型是归属性关系过程，其中的参与者是有意识的，动词是feel， 如：I feel happy（about that/ that they ve come). It makes me feel happy that theyve come . 表达判断的专属性句型也是归属性关系过程，它把一种态度归属于某个人的行为， 如：It was silly of /for them to do that. (For them) to do that was silly.表达鉴赏的专属句型是心理过程，它把一种态度归属于某物， 如：I consider it beautiful. They see it as beautiful.l11.2.2.2Source and targetl 情感的源头当然是有意识的参与者，有意识的参与者的行为是判断的对象，鉴赏的对象则是事物。如下例中的划线部分是评估的对象l he played skillfully judgmentl he is a skilful player judgmentl it was a skilful innings appreciationl但是，有些词语可能同时表达情感和判断，如下例中的guilty 和 proudl I felt g