公司多元化经营文献综述

1、本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献 、文献综述一、外文文献标题: the effects of institutional ownership on the value and risk of diversified firms作者: mohammad jafarinejada, surendranath r. joryb, thanh n. ngoc,期刊: international review of financial analysis (volume 40 2015): 207-219年份: 2015the effects of institutional ownership on

2、the value and risk of diversified firmsabstractwe study the link between institutional ownership and firms' diversification strategy, value and risk. our sample includes us-listed firms with segment data from 1998 to 2012. we find that not all kinds of diversification are value-destroying; unlik

3、e industrially-diversified firms, global single-segment firms are trading at a premium relative to their imputed value. the presence of institutional investors and the stability of their shareholdings positively influence the likelihood that a firm is diversified. the proportion (volatility) of inst

4、itutional ownership is higher (lower) among diversified firms compared to domestic single-segment firms. more importantly, the higher the proportions of institutional shareholdings, the higher the excess value of the diversified firm and the lower the firm idiosyncratic risk. institutional ownership

5、 volatility, on the other hand, is inversely related to a firm excess value but positively related to its idiosyncratic risk. thus, the presence of long-term stable institutional investors enhances the value of diversified firms. our findings remain robust to various model specifications and estimat

6、ion techniques.keywords: institutional ownership;  corporate diversification; diversification discount; 1. introductionthe effect of diversification on firm value continues to attract considerable research interest. there are two main types of diversification: product- and geographic

7、diversification (vachani, 1991 and martin, 2008). product diversification refers to the degree to which firms are involved in different industries (we refer to them as business segments). geographic diversification refers to the extent to which firms are involved in different countries (we

8、 refer to them as geographic segments). bodnar, tang, and weintrop (1997) find that global diversification is associated with higher firm value. in contrast, denis, denis, and yost (2002) find that diversification decreases firm value. other studies that suggest that diversificat

9、ion adversely affects firm value include berger and ofek (1995), fauver, houston, and naranjo (2004); and kim and mathur (2008).corporate diversification is appealing to investors. under the premise that corporations are better at diversification than shareholders, corporate diversifi

10、cation should lower shareholders' investment risk at a fraction of the cost incurred by individual investors (see agmon and lessard (1977); doukas and travlos (1988); harris and ravenscraft (1991);sanders and carpenter (1998). however, the diversity of operations at conglomerate firms

11、makes it harder for ordinary investors to monitor them (fatemi, 1984), opening the possibility for management to pursue self-interest objectives at the expense of the shareholders (palich, cardinal, & miller, 2000). such agency problems will reduce shareholders' return on investment and/or i

12、ncrease their risk. as a consequence, if there is a group out there who is better at monitoring managers, it is better to follow their lead. jensen and meckling (1976), and shleifer and vishny (1986) suggest that large investors could well be that group. we propose to consider the con

13、tribution to firm value and risk brought about by such an important group of investors at diversified firms, i.e., institutional investors.institutional investors including mutual funds, hedge funds, pension funds, banks and insurance companies are leading players in the financial markets as well as

14、 the primary owners of us corporate equity (gillan & starks, 2000). estimates of their shareholdings at us firms range from 35% in the 1980s and 60% in the 2000s to 66% by the end of 2010. given the size of their equity investments, they tend to exert considerable pressure on management to creat

15、e wealth for investors (see also, shleifer and vishny (1986). jarrell and poulsen (1987), brickley, lease, and smith (1988); agrawal and mandelker (1990) suggest a direct link between institutional investors and shareholders' wealth. consequently, managers pay a lot of a

16、ttention to meet the financial targets set by these investors (easley and o'hara, 1987, kyle, 1985 and clay, 2002). actions taken by the investors tend to generate a lot of press and media attention, especially at large and diversified firms. many institutional investors believe t

17、hat diversified firms can generate more profit by restructuring their divisions; examples include campaigns by investors demanding restructuring at big firms like pepsico, sony, timken, and mcgraw-hill. do institutional investors as effective monitors of firm performance support diversification and

18、add value to diversified firms by virtue of their presence? we attempt to answer the question and analyze the importance of two measures of institutional ownership on diversified firms' value and risk, i.e., the proportion of the shares held by the institutional investors (iopr) and the institut

19、ional ownership volatility (iov). the first measure is extensively used in the literature, though mostly focused on domestic firms. an emerging literature on the effects of institutional ownership on firm value suggests that in addition to the proportion of shares held by investors, it is equally im

20、portant to consider institutional ownership stability. they argue that not all institutional investors stay with a firm for the long-term. some are short-term and would leave at the first sign of trouble. elyasiani and jia (2010), and callen and fang (2013) argue that “stable” institu

21、tional investors are more incentivized to monitor target firms and improve shareholder welfare.to the extent that diversification destroys value while institutional investors add value, we test whether their presence at diversified firms adds value. we hypothesize that diversified firms with higher

22、proportions of shares held by institutional investors (iopr) and lower variability in the proportions (iov) are associated with higher excess values. similarly, we posit that firm risk is inversely related to iopr and positively related to iov. managers would be under scrutiny not to

23、cripple the firm with non-value added diversifications when more shares are held by institutional investors (iopr). conversely, if a firm pursues the wrong type of diversification, then there is little reason for the investors to hold onto their shares. thus, we should observe a higher volatility in

24、 institutional shareholdings (iov) among this subgroup of firms.we examine the universe of firms listed in compustat from 1998 to 2012. we break the universe of compustat firms into four groups: (i) domestic single-segment firms (ds), (ii) domestic multi-segment firms (dm), (iii) global single-segme

25、nt firms (gs) and (iv) global multi-segment firms (gm). we find that unlike domestic firms, the trend is to go global, i.e., we observe a fall in the number of domestic firms and a rise in the number of global firms over time. we find that not all kinds of diversification are associated with negativ

26、e excess values. as opposed to industrially-diversified firms, global single-segment firms trade at a premium relative to their matched domestic single-segment firms. the idiosyncratic risk levels are lower for diversified firms compared to domestic single-segment firms.the proportion of shares held

27、 by institutional investors (iopr) is higher and the volatility in those proportions (iov) is lower at diversified firms compared to domestic single-segment firms. using probit regressions, we find that the likelihood to diversify is positively associated with the proportion of shares held by instit

28、utional investors (iopr) and inversely related to its volatility (iov).univariate analyses suggest the existence of a positive relationship between iopr and firm's excess value and an inverse relationship between iopr and firm's idiosyncratic risk. conversely, iov

29、60;is inversely related to excess value and positively related to idiosyncratic risk. the evidence suggests that there exists a significant relationship between the presence of long-term stable institutional investors and the ability of diversified firms to create wealth.consistent with the univaria

30、te findings, the coefficient of iopr is positive and that of iov is negative in panel fixed-effect regressions of firms' excess values. the coefficients of dmand gm, representing domestic multi-segment firms and globally diversified multi-segment firms, respectively

31、, are both negative and highly significant. on the other hand, global single segment (gs) firms are associated with higher excess values.in regressions of firms' idiosyncratic risk, the coefficients of iov and iopr are positive and negative, respectively, suggesting that firm

32、s with lower proportions of equity held by institutional investors and higher volatility in that proportion are perceived as riskier and carrying more idiosyncratic risk. overall, the empirical evidence suggests that diversified firm value is linked to investors with considerable and stable sharehol

33、dings. furthermore, the absence of stable, long-term institutional investors increases the idiosyncratic risk of diversified firms. our empirical findings are robust to alternative control variables, various model specifications and estimation techniques.beyond complementing and extending the litera

34、ture on the diversification discount, this study also contributes to the emerging literature on the role of institutional ownership stability on firm governance and performance. to the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to assess the impact of institutional ownership stability among diver

35、sified firms. we consider the effect of institutional investors in lessening the diversification discount. we also examine the link between institutional investors and firm risk. the remainder of the paper is organized as follows. section 2 reviews the literature and formulates the hy

36、potheses. section 3presents the data. section 4 presents the methods used. we present and discuss the findings in section 5, and conclude the paper in the final section.2. literature review and hypotheses developmentat the firm level, institutional investors tend t

37、o resist counterproductive strategies while supporting beneficial ones, especially shareholder driven ones (bethel and liebeskind, 1993, hill and snell, 1988, holderness and sheehan, 1985 and mikkelson and ruback, 1991). they tend to lobby senior executives to implement restructu

38、ring strategies that are beneficial to all the shareholders (see also bethel and liebeskind (1993). attig et al. (2012)argue that long-term institutional investors have greater incentives and efficiencies economies of scale in the collection and processing of corporate information to engag

39、e in effective monitoring, which in turn mitigate the asymmetric information dilemma and associated agency problems.barclay, holderness, and pontiff (1993) find that investors value the skills and demands of block purchasers and that firm value increases following a block trade. they document a

40、 high turnover in management following these trades and a decline in firm value when the block holders either fail to achieve control and/or face resistance from management. navissi and naiker (2006) find that shareholding by active institutional investors of up to 30% positively influence

41、s corporate value. beyond 30%, the ownership tends to reduce firm value, which suggests that there exists a non-linear relationship between the two. when these shareholders become too large, there exists a significant risk that they will join forces with management to safeguard their common interest

42、s at the expense of the other shareholders, especially minority/individual ones. the authors find that passive investors do not affect firm value. cornett et al. (2007) find that the percentages of institutional investor involvement in a firm, as well as their numbers, are associated with

43、better operating cash flow returns. however, the findings only hold when the investors have no business relation with the firm; else there is no significant relationship between institutional investors and firm performance.in theory, a conglomerate firm with multiple business segments should trade a

44、t the same price as the sum of the individual segments as standalone businesses. yet, the literature finds that this is rarely the case. this inequality is due to asymmetric information and agency conflicts along the lines explained by myers (1984); myers and majluf (1984). however, recent

45、 studies on institutional ownership and stability suggest that institutional investors can help solve such problems. we study whether the involvement of institutional investors can turn the fortunes of diversified firms given the evidence of a diversification discount (fauver et al., 2004, jory

46、 & ngo, 2012).h1.there exists a positive relationship between diversified firms' value and the proportion of the shares held by institutional investors.nonetheless, not all institutional investors are equally motivated to ensure the long-term well-being of a firm. there exist some investors

47、with an interest in short-term trading, quick profits and turnaround. they are not willing to incur long-term monitoring costs and are not interested in monitoring firm's management. callen and fang (2013) review some scenarios suggestive of a short-term bias. in the first case, the co

48、st of monitoring far exceeds the combined costs of selling the shares and investing in another company. second, many institutional investors hold well-diversified portfolios that do not require them to monitor actively every company in their portfolio. third, the benefits of short-term gains far exc

49、eed those of long-term investing. with their constant buying and selling, these investors cause a lot of variability/volatility in the proportion of shares held by them in the company. thus, we hypothesize that for value creation, stable institutional investors are more desirable than transient ones

50、.h2.there exists an inverse relationship between firm value and institutional ownership volatility.institutional investors tend to be large ones buying significant stakes in the companies they invest. given the size of their investments, they pay particular attention to the risk-taking activity at t

51、arget firms, and they have sufficient influence to lobby senior executives to sway risk-taking decisions in their favor. we hypothesize that the presence of these investors would dissuade managers from taking excessive idiosyncratic risks for instance, engaging in unrelated diversification abroad wh

52、ere the managers have little knowledge of, thus increasing the risks the firm faces.institutional investors have their own stakeholders to satisfy for instance, pension funds and insurance companies have to make regular payments to their subscribers and they would resist changes that would disrupt t

53、hose relationships. to the extent that their required return on investment is linked to changes in the value of the firm, they would withstand actions that would increase the variance of the firm returns and adversely affect its ability to pay dividend. this would also be true for institutional inve

54、stors who have selected targets based on their current business strategies and are satisfied with the status quo; those who lack the expertise and/or incentives to monitor new ventures and risky undertakings; and, investors whose wealth is concentrated in the target company.there are two types of ri

55、sks faced by a firm, i.e., market and idiosyncratic risks. management can more directly affect the latter. thus, for the purpose of our study, we consider a firm's idiosyncratic risk. to minimize its impact on the value of their equity investment, we test the hypothesis that the presence of inst

56、itutional investors helps to minimize idiosyncratic risk.h3.there exists an inverse relationship between firm idiosyncratic risk and the proportion of shares held by institutional investors.financial markets comprise investors and traders of different time horizons (malagon, moreno, & rodriguez,

57、 2015). investors engaging in frequent trading are more interested in short- rather than long-term gains. they could lobby for makeshift corporate changes at the expense of changes that would have benefited all the shareholders in the long run. their presence will also do little in alleviating the r

58、isks associated with misalignment of objectives, opportunistic behavior and earnings management at the investee firm and, consequently, accentuate the firm's idiosyncratic risk. frequent trading in the shares of a firm caused by short-term traders will lead to an increase in the volatility of th

59、e proportions of shares held by its investors. conversely, long-term investors those who are more likely to buy and hold and cause less volatility in the proportions of shares held by investors are more incentivized to monitor firm activities and improve shareholder value. thus, we test the hypothes

60、is that there exists a positive association between the volatility in the proportions of shares held by investors and a firm's idiosyncratic risk.h4.there exists a positive association between firm idiosyncratic risk and institutional ownership volatility.3. dataour sample of firms is from the c

61、ompustat database and our sample period starts in 1998 and ends in 2012. we define a diversified firm as one that reports data on the industry and/or geographic segments in the compustat segment data tapes. similar to he (2009), we start the sample period in 1998 because the financial accounting standards board (fasb) issued sfas 131 in