第三讲代词、介词、连词、冠词

1、2012初三英语语法讲义（三）代词、介词、连词、冠词 （教 师）一、代词1.定义：为避免重复而用来代替前文提到的名词的词2.分类：共八类，分别为人称代词（主格和宾格）、物主代词（形容词性和名词性）、反身代词（-self）、指示代词（this, that, these, those), 疑问代词(wh-)，不定代词(some,any及其与thing，body构成的复合词等等），相互代词(each other, one another)和关系代词。3.人称代词的重难点：1）不同人称代词的顺序问题a.单数人称代词并列作主语和宾语时，其顺序为: you,he/she and I；you ,him/he

2、r and me（宾格）b.复数人称代词作主语和宾语时，其顺序为：we,you and they; （主格）；us，you and them注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。a. 在承认错误，承担责任时。 It was I and John that made her angry. (我和约翰) b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称。 I and you try to finish it.（我和你）2) it 的特别用法a.作形式主语或宾语Its necessary to buy that dictionary. I consider it important to a

3、sk the teacher. (不用that) b. it表示时间，天气，季节，距离，还可以指代上文内容。It rains all the year. Professor Lee gave us a lecture yesterday. It was of great interest.3) 人称代词单独使用时，常用宾格而不是主格。- Id like to stay here for another week. - Me too. （I）4. 物主代词的重难点：1) 形容词性物主代词起形容词作用，后面一定要有 （有/没有）名词；名词性物主代词相当于名词，后面一定没有（有/没有）名词。比较：这

4、本书是我的。This is my book. This book is mine.2) 物主代词不可与 a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。3) 双重所有格（a friend of mine 的用法）公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词e.g. How many friends of yours （你的多少朋友）will come to the party?

5、5. 反身代词的重难点：1) 可作宾语、同位语、表语等，但不能单独作主语。判断正误: Myself drive the car. (F) I myself drive the car. (T) 2) 当宾语代词与主语指同一人时，宾语要用反身代词。 You should be proud of yourself. (you)比较: Mary saw herself in the mirror. （she）（看到她自己）Mary saw her in the mirror. （she）（看到另外一人）3) oneself亲自（做），相当于personally, in person；by onese

6、lf独自（做），相当于alone或独立做；for oneself 独立（做），自己动手做，相当于without being helped或者“为自己”b. You should go to see him yourself. (you) 你应该亲自去见他。He likes to take a walk by himself. (he) 他喜欢独自一人去散步。You should work out problem for yourself. (you) 你应该独立解决这个问题。4) teach oneself 自学 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 dress oneself 自己穿衣服 c

7、ant help oneself 情不自禁 help oneself to 随便吃/请自便 talk / speak to oneself 自言自语6.指示代词的重难点：1）this, these常指时间，空间离说话者较近人或物；that，those常指时间，空间离说话者较远人或物。2) that, those用来代替前面说过的事物以免重复。The weather in Wuhan is much colder than that in Guangzhou in winter. (用this/that填空) The radios made in Guangzhou are better tha

8、n those made in Changchun. 3) that有时可代替句子或句中的一部分。 He was ill. Thats why he didnt come. 7.疑问代词 who/whomWho put the light out before I finished my work?Whom/ who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?With whom did you go to the concert?8.不定代词的重难点：1) 包括all, both, each, either, neither, mor

9、e, little, few, much, many, *another, *other, others, some, any, *every, *no, one以及something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.2) 以上既可起名词作用也可用作形容词，但标*的除外，他们只能作定语；“以及”后面的只能起名词作用。3) all VS both: all指三者及三者以上; both指两者。a. all的主谓

10、一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。All goes (go) well. All of the students come (come). b. both一般修饰可数名词（两者），谓语用复数Both Mary and Mike are students. （be）We both can speak English. (speak)We are both students. 位置在名词前，行为动词前，be动词之后。（前/后）4) either VS neither: either指两者中任意一个; neither指两者中没有一个，全否定。 a.作主语时，谓语动词多用单数，但

11、有时复数也可以。Either of the films is/are good. Neither of the films is/are good. b.作定语与单数名词连用。Either film is good. Neither film is good.c.可用于下列句型，避免重复。She cant sing，neither (can) he. 5) neither VS nor a.如不同的人不做同一件事用neither。e.g. If you dont do it，neither should I.(neither/nor) b.如同一个人不做不同的事用nor，不用neither。e

12、.g. He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.6) no one VS none:No one 一般指人，其后不能加of短语；none 既可指人也可指物，其后能加of短语。No one常用来回答who的提问；none常用来回答how many/ much的提问。 - Who told you the news? - No one. I read the newspaper. (no one/ none) -How much money have you got on you? - None.a. none of表示若干人（物）中一个也不，谓语动词可单可复。b.在答语

13、中none可单独使用。e.g. -Are there any pictures on the wall?-None.7) one VS that VS it: one表示泛指与前面的名词同类的另一事物，既同名异物；that, it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。e.g. I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) (one/ that/ it)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个) I cant find my hat. I

14、 don t know where I put it.(同一物) 8) some VS anya. some也可与单数名词连用,意为某一（= a certain）e.g. You will be sorry for this some day. b. any可用于肯定句，含有任何的意思e.g. Here are three novels. You may read any. c. some用于肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some coffee?9) one/ ano

15、ther/ the other / others: one the other只有两个 some the others有三个以上others = other people/things; the others = the rest剩余的全部another 泛指另一个 a.一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one，另一个用the other。b.一定范围内三者，一个用one，另一个用one (another)，第三个可用the other，a third。c.一定范围内，除去一部分人/物some，剩余的全部用the others。10) a few, little, a few, a little:

16、(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词; a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点; few / little为否定含义，没有多少了。 固定搭配: only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) *many a (=many)Generally, a mild, sunny climate, with little rain.11) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时，要放在不定代词后面。 I have nothing important to deal with now.(没有什么重要的)二、介

17、词1. 当介词后直接跟动词时，动词用ing形式。They are frightened of going into the area.2. 意义相近的介词的区别：1）in, after, latera. in表从现在开始一段时间以后,往往和一般将来时肯定句连用e.g.Hell reach here in two days b. after表以过去的某一时间为起点，“过之后”，其后既可接时间点，又可接时段。但是，如果after用于一般将来时，那么其后应接时间点。He left there after two oclock that afternoon.They started to go aga

18、in after two days. I think hell come here after three oclock.c. later指“以后”、“后来”，可以指过去，也可指将来，是副词，常常放在时间段的名词之后。Three days later he got to Beijing.2) at, in, on表示时间的区别a. at用于表示时刻、时间的某一点。e.g. at noon, at present, at Christmasb. in用于表示周、月、季节、年，泛指的上午、下午、晚上。c. on表示具体的节日、几月几号、星期几。on Teachers Day, on Tuesday

19、 morningd.注意：泛指一般的上午（下午）时用in，但特指某日的上午（下午）时用on。e.g. on a cold nighte.在this, last, next, every等词前面不能再加介词this morning, last Friday, next Sunday3) in, by , with表示“用”a. with表“用工具”后面的名词，要加上冠词或代词。b. in表“用材料”后面加物质名词，不能加冠词。c. by表“用手段”后面用名词单数，不能加冠词。She always goes to school by bike. The guard cut one boot ope

20、n with a knife.He writes in black ink.4) 表示 “排除” “包括”的介词 初中阶段,表示“排除”的介词: but, expect, expect for. 表示 “包括”的介词: besides.besides 除还,计算在内; except 除之外,不计算在内.I like English, math, Chinese besides P.E. 除了体育，我还喜欢英语，数学和语文。We are all Chinese except Tom in our class. 除了Tom，我们都是中国人。5) 表示地点，方位的介词： on, over, unde

21、r, above, belowa. on表示在某物面上，与此物接触。e.g. There are two maps on the wall.b. over表示在某物正上方，与此物不接触或横在某物上或覆盖在某物上；under在正下方，是over的反义词。 There is a light over Li Ming. There is a ball under the table.c. above意为 在上，强调“高于”；below是above的反义词。也指温度，海拔。We were flying above the clouds.Part of the Netherlands is below

22、the level of the sea.6) by, until (till)a. by在前（时间）；截至（到）一般和完成时连用,不可作连词 How many English books had you read by the end of last year? b. until（till）直到为止（时间）可与多个时态连用,既可以作介词，也可以作连词，until和till可以通用，till一般不用于句首。在肯定句中，表示“做某事直到时间为止”，要用延续性动词；在否定句中，表示“直到才”，可用瞬间动词。Eg. Nothing happened until 5 oclock. （作介词）The

23、street is full of traffic from morning till night. （作介词）Continue in this direction until you see a sign. （作连词）I wont stop shouting until you let me go. （作连词）They went to other towns and waited until the water level fell again. （作连词）7) 某些介词的省略be busy (in) doing sth. have difficulty/ trouble doing (in

24、) sth.(in) this/ that way spend(in) doing sth.have a good time (in) doing sth. waste(in) doing sth.There is no use/good (in) doing sth.三、连词1.定义：连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词2.分类：从连词本身的含意及其所连接的成分的性质来看，可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。1) 常用来并列同类性质的词与词、短语与短语或分句与分句的并列连词and, or, neither.nor, either.or, not only.but also, both.and2

25、）引导从句的连词叫做从属连词，分连接代词和连接副词两种。3.重难点：1）or在非否定句中表“或者”，在否定句中代替ande.g. Are you a teacher or a student? I dont like reading or writing. 2) 当either.or., neither.nor, not only., but also.并列主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的主语在人称和数方面保持一致，即就近原则。Either his parents or he himself is (be) at home now.Neither my classmates nor I am (be

26、) reading now. Not only her friends but also Lucy was (be) here yesterday. 3) 当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与 as well as 前面的主语一致；谓语动词与not onlybut also 与后面的主语一致。My parents as well as my elder sister enjoy classical music. Not only my parents but also my elder sister enjoys classical music.4) that用于引导陈述句转化而来的宾语从句，可以

27、（可以/不可以?）省去。 She says that she likes watching TV very much.5) because 和 so 不能同时出现在一个句子；though /although 不能和but 连用。6) if, whether连接由一般疑问句转化过来的宾语从句。They are wondering if they can get the money back. 四、冠词: 定冠词the，不定冠词a, an1.要用the的特别情况:1) 两人或物进行比较时特定的比较级前。He is the taller of the two children in his fami

28、ly.2）only, very, same 修饰名词时。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 3) 用在形容词、动名词、过去分词前表示一类人或物或某种抽象概念。the rich (poor, old, young, sick, dead, new, blind, wounded); the true; the living ;the dying; the unexpected; the unknown;4) 用在单数名词前表示某一类人或事物。 The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.5) 惯用语: i

29、n the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole（大体上，基本上）， by the way 6)用在海洋、河流、山脉、群岛、某些国名等名词前。the Atlantic; the

30、 Alps; the Yellow sea; 7)用在某些组织机构、报刊、杂志、学校、历史朝代、三军、船只、飞机等名词前。The World Trade Center, the Empire State Building, the Peoples Daily, the Times, the University of Beijing (但Beijing University), the International Climate Conference, the YHA, 8）用于姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人，夫妇俩”。The Greens are watching TV. (Green全家)2

31、.要用不定冠词的特别情况：1）用在可数名词前,泛指人、事或物的类别，相当于any。e.g. A child needs love. 2）用在某些物质名词前,表示 “一阵、一份、一类、一场”等 e.g. Id like an ice-cream.3）用在姓名前或+姓氏前,表示”某一个,某位”,有不肯定的意味;也可表示 “一位”,指某家庭成员。 A Mr Thomson wanted to see you. 4) 与序数词用表 “再一,又一” She has called on the president a third time but hasnt seen him yet.5) 要用不定冠词的

32、惯用短语: in a way; have a try; make a living; take an interest in; lend a hand; for a while; in a hurry; in a word; take a rest/bath/walk3.有些词组中有无冠词含义是不同的，比较：in hospital 住院in the hospital在医院（参观或工作）at table 在吃饭 by day 白天at the table 在桌子旁 by the day 按日计算take place 发生 in future 今后take the place of 取代 in t

33、he future 将来go to church / college/ prison /school 做礼拜/ 上大学/ 坐牢/上学go to the church/ college / prison /school 到教堂去/ 到大学去/ 到监狱去/ 到学校去4. 表示某一类事物的方法。A cat has sharp eyes at night. Cats are loved by many people.The cat can catch the mouse.第三讲 代词、介词、连词、冠词 巩固练习 （教师）I. 选择(C ) 1. Only _ know it. A. I and heB

34、. he and youC. he and ID. I and you(D ) 2. The price of a watch is higher than _ of a pen. A. it B. price C. anyD. that (D ) 3. -Do you like these computers? - No, I dont like _. A. all themB. them allC. someD. any(C ) 4. -Look, who is coming? -_ must be our English teacher. A. SheB. He C. It D. Thi

35、s(B ) 5. -How many policemen did you see? -_.A No oneB. NoneC. Not many onesD. No many(D ) 6. He ran too fast for _ to catch up with. A. everybodyB. somebodyC. nobodyD. anybody(A ) 7. Mum, do we have _ meat in the fridge？- No, we have _ left.A. enough, little B. lots of, anyC. much, many D. a few, f

36、ew(B ) 8. If you drove more carefully, your uncle would be all right and you wouldnt have hurt _. A. youB. yourself C. yours D. yourselves(B ) 9. When shall we meet next time, next Wednesday or Thursday? - _ day is OK. A. AnyB. EitherC. EveryD. Some(D ) 10. Here is a seat for _. A. both us B. us bot

37、h C. both of us D. B and C(B ) 11. -Which of your parents is a doctor? - _. Theyre _ teachers. A. Neither, all B. Neither, bothC. None, allD. None, both(B ) 12.The moonlight is coming in _ the window and the room seems quiet and beautiful.A. acrossB. through C. over D. past(B ) 13.You can study the

38、grammar _ memorizing it.A. with B. by C. in D. on(A ) 14.In the UK, smoking kills about 114,000 people each year, 300 people die every day because of smoking, and _ them many are young smokers.A. among B. betweenC. fromD. in(D ) 15. It was a great day but we did not enjoy it _ the beginning.A. on B.

39、 for C. with D. at (C ) 16. Many sportsmen are getting ready _ the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.A. to B. with C. for D. on(C ) 17. -How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? _.A. In three days. B. After three days.C. In three days time. D. Three days later.(A ) 18. He went to Shanghai _ September, 199

40、1 and came back _ a cold morning last year.A. in; on B. on; in C. on; on D. in; in (C ) 19.I hear you have got a ticket _ the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing Olympics.Yes, I got it _ my uncle.A. of, from B. to, byC. to, fromD. or, to(D ) 20. Tom sat _ the classroom, looking at the old trees _ the cl

41、assroom.A. behind, in the front of B. at the back of, in the front ofC. behind, in front of D. at the back of, in front of (A ) 21. I dont like to sit _ Toms right. I would like to sit _ the back row.A. on; in B. in; on C. on; at D. at; on( B ) 22. Children get gifts _ Christmas and _ their birthday

42、s.A. on, on B. at, on C. in, in D. in, on (D ) 23.How do you like the two pairs of shoes?They dont fit me well. They are _ too big _ too small.A. not only; but also B. both; and C. neither; nor D. either; or(C ) 24. -What do you think of the book about Harry Potter? -I like it very much. Its _ inter

43、esting _ exciting.A. neither, nor B. not, but C. not only, but also D. either, or(C ) 25. Mary got up late this morning, _ she didnt catch the first bus.A. because B. for C. so D. or (B ) 26. -Its a long story, but there are few new words in it. -Good! _it will be hard for children.A. So B. Or C. Bu

44、t D. And (C ) 27. I hardly knew anything about it _ you told me.A. since B. after C. until D. when ( C) 28.Whats wrong with my son, doctor?n _ serious. Just a slight cold.A. Something B. AnythingC. NothingD. Everything(A ) 29. How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with _. A. the otherB. anotherC. othersD. other( B) 30. - Can I get you a drink?n Thats very nice of you. I have already got _. A. itB. oneC. thatD. this( C)31. Our car