2022版高考英语一轮复习语法专题突破专题11主谓一致和特殊句式课件外研版

1、语法专题突破专题十一主谓一致和特殊句式考点精讲考点一语法一致考点一语法一致1表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。when and where to go for the on-salary holiday has not been decided yet.带薪度假的时间和地点还没决定。 一主谓一致2“one/either/neither/each of复数名词/代词”作主语时，谓语用单数。either of the stories is very funny.这两个故事都很有趣。3something，everything，anything，nothing，somebod

2、y, nobody，no one等不定代词作主语，谓语通常用单数。nothing is impossible.没有不可能的事。4表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。ten pounds was missing from the box.盒子里的东西少了十磅。5主语后有with，together with，along with，except，besides，as well as等词或短语时，谓语动词的数要与这些词或短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致(因为with等词为介词，其后跟的名词只能是介宾，不可能充当主语)。mrgreen together w

3、ith his children goes to the park every sunday.格林先生每个星期天都和他的孩子们一起去这个公园。6what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于作表语的名词的单复数。what surprised me most was his attitude towards his study.最令我惊讶的是他对学习的态度。what her father left her are only some books.她父亲留给她的只有一些书。7such作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。such is stephen hawking，who has

4、suffered a great deal but achieved so much.这就是史蒂芬霍金，他经受了很多痛苦但也取得了许多成就。such are the results we have got.这些就是我们所取得的成果。8有计量单位名词修饰的不可数名词充当句子主语时，谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式，由计量单位名词的单、复数形式决定。there is a cup of tea on the table.桌子上有一杯茶。how many bottles of milk are there in the box?箱子里有多少瓶牛奶？考点二意义一致1“every/each/no名词and e

5、very/each/no名词”作主语时，谓语用单数。every boy and every girl is playing sports now. 每个男孩和女孩都正在参加运动。2“one单数名词and a half”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。one apple and a half was on the table. 桌子上有一个半苹果。3“more than one单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。more than one student has failed the exam. 不止一个学生考试不及格。4“many a单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。many a child wa

6、s playing there. 很多孩子在那边玩。5在定语从句中，关系代词如果在从句中作主语，根据先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数；在“one of复数名词who/that/which”引导的从句中，谓语动词用复数；但之前有the(only)等修饰语时，从句中的谓语动词用单数。mary is the only one of the students in our school who has ever been to china. 玛丽是我们学校唯一一个去过中国的学生。6the rest，the remaining/part主语，谓语动词应根据所表达的单复数意义而定。the factory u

7、sed three fifths of the raw materials，the rest of which were saved for other purposes. 工厂用了这种原材料的五分之三，剩余部分节省出来作为他用。7分数、百分数指代或修饰名词时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所表示的意义。about 50% of the land is suitable to grow plants. 大约50%的土地适合种植物。about 80% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up. 这个

8、城市中大约80%的人反对自来水价格上调。考点三就近原则1谓语动词的人称和数常常与其最接近的主语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有or，notbut，eitheror，neither nor，not only but also等。either i or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 要么他们要么我为这个事情的结果负责。2在倒装句中谓语常与后面最接近的主语一致。in the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people. 远处传来拍

9、手声和人们的喊叫声。3当there be句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。here引起的句子与此用法相同。there is a pen，a knife and several books on the desk. 书桌上有一支钢笔、一把刀和几本书。here is a pen，a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer. 在抽屉里有一支钢笔、几个信封和一些纸。特别提示：就近一致原则也适用于疑问句。在疑问句里，同样是依据最近的主语的单复数确定谓语动词的单复数。is either tom or you to be sent to w

10、ork there?是你或者汤姆要被派去那里工作吗？考点一倒装(一)完全倒装1表示方向、地点和时间的副词、介词短语置于句首时用完全倒装。常见的有：there，here，in，out，away，up，down，from，off，back，over，then，now，in the room，on the wall等。二特殊句式here comes the bus. 车来了。in rushed the angry man. 那个生气的男人冲了进来。now is your turn. 现在轮到你了。in front of the school gate is a big beautiful garde

11、n. 学校门前是一个漂亮的大花园。特别提示：主语为代词时不倒装。out they rushed. 他们冲了出去。2表语连系动词主语(表语是形容词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词等)present at the meeting were professor white，professor smith and many other guests. 出席会议的有怀特教授、史密斯教授，还有许多其他客人。such are the facts; no one can deny them. 这些就是事实，没有人可以否认。(二)部分倒装1“only状语(副词、介词短语或状语从句)”置于句首时，句子或者主

12、句要用部分倒装。only then did he realize that he had lost his way. 直到那时他才意识到自己迷路了。only when he returned did we find out the truth. 唯有他回来，我们才能弄明白事实。2具有否定意义的副词或短语如not，nor，neither，never，seldom，rarely，hardly，little，by no means，at no time，in no way，under no circumstances等位于句首时，句子用部分倒装。seldom had he seen a child

13、with so much talent. 他以前难得见过如此有天赋的孩子。by no means shall we give up. 我们绝不会放弃。3在以下几个固定句式结构中，句子使用部分倒装。(1)sobe/助动词/情态动词主语they love having lots of friendsso do those with disabilities. 他们喜欢拥有许多朋友，残疾人也是如此。特别提示：so表示“是的，确实”，重复上文，表示赞同对方的观点时，主谓语不倒装。it is too hot. 天太热了。so it is. 是啊，的确很热。(2)neither/norbe/助动词/情态动

14、词主语i dont know who he is，nor do i want to know. 我不知道他是谁，我也不想知道。(3)在such/sothat 结构中，“so/such被修饰词”位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。so fast did he run that he was far ahead of others. 他跑得很快，远远领先于其他人。(4)neithernor结构位于两个分句的句首时，用部分倒装。neither do i know it，nor do i care about it. 我不知道这件事，我也不在乎。(5)在not only but (also)结构中，not o

15、nly位于句首时，第一个分句用部分倒装。not only do i like painting，but i (also) take a course. 我不但喜欢画画，而且还上了绘画课。特别提示：此结构连接主语时不倒装。not only he but also his parents are sick. 不但他而且他父母也病了。(6)not until 位于句首时，句子或主句用部分倒装。not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. 直到我儿子上了大学他才意识到时间的重要性。(

16、7)在hardlywhen/no soonerthan结构中，hardly/no sooner位于句首时，主句用部分倒装。hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door. 她一坐下就听到有人敲门。no sooner had she stepped out of the house than it began to rain. 她刚踏出家门天就下起雨来。特别提示：这两个结构都要求主句谓语用过去完成时。(8)as/though引导的让步状语从句可以将句中状语、表语、动词原形提到句首构成部分倒装。pretty a

17、s/though she is，she is not proud. 尽管她很漂亮，但她一点也不自负。try as he would，he might fail again. 尽管他还会尝试，但可能还会失败。特别提示：单数可数名词表语提前时，省略其前的不定冠词。child as he is，he knows a lot. 虽然他还是个孩子，但他懂得很多。(9)虚拟条件句若有had，were，should时，可省略if，从句用部分倒装。were i you，i would take his advice. 如果我是你，我会接受他的建议。should it rain tomorrow，the spo

18、rts meeting would be put off. 如果明天下雨，运动会将会推迟。考点二省略1状语从句的省略(1)在when，while，whenever，till，as soon as，if，unless，as if，though，as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而从句的主语又与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it 时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略。while (we were) walking，we met our old friend jack. 我们散步时碰到了老朋友杰克。(2)if so，if any，if possible，if necessary，if not

19、 已看作固定搭配。if (it is) necessary，ask mrwang to help you. 如果有必要，找王先生帮你。errors，if (there are) any，should be corrected. 如果有什么错误，就应该改正。2不定式的省略(1)在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。i shall go if i want to. 如果我想去就去。(2)若被省略的不定式结构中含有be，have，have been，通常应保留这些词。he hasnt finished yet. 他还没完成。well，he ought to h

20、ave. 哦，他该完成了。考点三强调句型1强调句的基本句型是“it is/was被强调的部分that/who其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语、状语等。it is only children who will make such stupid mistakes. 只有孩子才会犯这样愚蠢的错误。2强调句型的一般疑问句只需将is/was提前，特殊疑问句的结构是“疑问词is/wasitthat其他部分”。was it in this market that you bought the tv?你是在这个市场买的电视吗？where was it that he got the informati

21、on?他是从哪里弄到这个信息的？特别提示：强调句型不能强调谓语动词。如果需要强调谓语动词，用“助动词do，does或did动词原形”，意为“的确；真的；务必”。do sit down务必请坐。he did say that he would help me. 他的确说过他会帮我的。考点四there be结构1there be结构的谓语形式there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be，happen to be，be likely to be 或remain，stand，lie，go，exist，follow，live，come，occur 等替换。there seems to

22、 be something wrong with the machine. 机器好像出了点问题。there is likely to be an important meeting tomorrow. 明天很可能会有一个重要的会议。once upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple. 从前，那座庙里住着一个老和尚。2there be结构的非谓语形式what is the chance of there being an election this year?今年举行选举的可能性有多大？(there be的动词-ing形式作介词 of的宾

23、语)i expect there to be many chances for him to get a job. 我希望他有很多机会能找到工作。(there be的动词不定式结构作动词expect的复合宾语)考点五感叹句感叹句常用来表示惊叹、赞美、喜悦等语气。1what 引导的感叹句whata/anadj可数名词单数主语谓语！whatadj可数名词复数/不可数名词主语谓语！what a strange plant！ive never seen it before. 这种植物真奇怪！我以前从未见过。what lovely children they are!他们是多么可爱的孩子啊！2how 引

24、导的感叹句howadja/an可数名词单数主语谓语！howadj/adv主语谓语！how主语谓语！how interesting a story it is!what an interesting story it is!这是多么有趣的一个故事啊！how time flies!时间过得真快啊！难点释疑强调句型与其他结构相似的复合句的区别1与含主语从句的主从复合句的区别it is true that they are going to visit the great wall next month. 他们打算下个月去参观长城，这是真的。it is the great wall that they

25、 are going to visit. 他们打算去参观的地方是长城。第一句是一个主从复合句，其中it是形式主语；that引导的是主语从句，that没有任何意义，在从句中不作任何成分；第二句是强调句，强调的是宾语the great wall，it is和that没有任何意义，只是用来构成强调句型的基本框架。2与含定语从句的主从复合句的区别it is a question that needs careful consideration.这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。it is novels that william enjoys reading.威廉喜欢读的是小说。第一句是一个主从复合句，其中t

26、hat引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词a question，that在从句中作主语，it在主句中作主语；第二句是强调句，强调的是宾语novels，it is和that没有任何意义，只是用来构成强调句型的基本框架。3与含状语从句的主从复合句的区别(1)与“it is/was时间名词when ”的区别it was 6 oclock when i got up today.今天我起床时6点了。it was at 6 oclock that i got up today.今天我在6点起的床。第一句是主从复合句，it指时间，when引导时间状语从句，时间名词前无介词；第二句是强调句型，强调的是时间状语at

27、6 oclock，it was和that无实际意义。(2)与“it is/was时间段since ”的区别it is two years since i taught english.我不教英语两年了。it is two years since i began to teach english.我教英语已经两年了。it is two hours that he spends on english every day.他每天花两个小时学英语。前两个句子是“it is时间段since ”句型，since引导时间状语从句。若since和延续性动词连用，该句型的意思是“不做某事已有时间了”；若sinc

28、e和非延续性动词连用，该句型的意思是“做某事已有时间了”。since引导的从句常用一般过去时。第三个句子是强调句，强调的是宾语two hours。(3)与“it was时间段before ”的区别it was two years before he came back from abroad.过了两年他才回国。it was two years later that he came back from abroad.他是两年后回国的。第一句中的it指时间，before引导的是时间状语从句；第二句为强调句，强调的是时间状语two years later。策略一固定句式思维法考生要养成看到以it开头

29、的句子，就要考虑强调句型的思维模式，把强调结构排除之后再考虑需要用的其他连接词。【典例】could it be in the restaurant _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ you lost your hand bag?解析：句意：你会不会把手提包丢在昨天我们一起吃晚饭的饭店里了？第一空用where引导定语从句，where在从句中作地点状语；第二空用that构成强调句型的基本框架。故答案为where；that。wherethat解题策略策略二标志识别法解答倒装类题目的关键是判断出句子是否具备使用倒装的条件。1看句首是否有表示否定意义或半否定意义的

30、词或短语，是否有only所修饰的状语(从句)，是否有so修饰的形容词或副词以及not until，not only等。【典例】not until the motorbike looked almost new _ he stop repairing and cleaning it. 解析：not until位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装；再结合“looked”可知时态为一般过去时，故此处填助动词did。did2看句首是否有表示方位或方向的词或短语，且主语是否为名词，或结合题干的句子结构看是不是分词等置于句首，若是，则用完全倒装。【典例】 just in front of our house _

31、(stand) a tall tree with a history of 1,000 years. 解析表示地点的介词短语just in front of our house置于句首，且句子的主语为名词，句子要用完全倒装，即主语a tall tree要放在谓语之后。本空应填stands。stands易错聚焦达标检测单句语法填空1(2020新高考卷)often, only a small part of a museums collection _ (be) on display. most of it is stored away or used for research. 解析：考查主谓一

32、致。句意：通常，博物馆只展出一小部分藏品。此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时，主语a small part of a museums collection是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式，且后面的most of it is stored away or used for research中的is也是提示。故填is。is2(2020新课标卷)“this really excites scientists，” carle pieters, a scientist at brown university, says, “because it _ (mean) we have the c

33、hance to obtain information about how the moon is constructed”解析：考查主谓一致。根据上文“this really excites scientists”可知，此处也使用一般现在时；主语是it，所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式means。故填means。means3(2020江苏卷改编)if you look at all sides of the situation, youll find probably a solution that _ everyone. 解析：考查动词主谓一致。句意：如果你从各个方面看问题，你可能会找

34、到一个适合每个人的解决方案。句子描述的客观事实，应使用一般现在时；此处是定语从句谓语动词，先行词是a solution，从句谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。故填suits。suits4(2020新课标卷)this is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers _ (carry) special significance. 解析：考查主谓一致。句意：这就是为什么用植物、水果和鲜花装饰具有特殊意义的原因。这是一个表语从句，从句主语为动名词短语decorating with plants, fruits and flowers，所以谓语动词用单数

35、形式。故填carries。carries5(全国)it could be anythinggardening, cooking, music, sportsbut whatever it is, _(make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about. 解析：第二个破折号之后为but连接的并列句，whatever it is是让步状语从句，主句为祈使句，所缺词是主句的谓语动词，应使用动词原形。故填make。make6(湖南)it was when we were returning

36、 home _ i realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble. 解析：分析句子结构可知此句为强调句，并且强调的是时间状语，故用that。that7(2019全国i卷)of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _ (be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. 解析：考查主谓一致。句意：在已经确认的19个北极熊亚种群

37、中，有3个在减少，6个稳定，1个在增加，9个缺乏足够的数据。根据three are declining，此处数词six作主语，代指前文中的“polar bear subpopulations”，故用复数谓语，一般现在时。故填are。are8(全国卷)fast food _(be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. 解析：根据行文的时态可知，此处用一般现在时；句子的主语fast food(快餐)是不可数名词短语

38、，故填 be的第三人称单数形式is。is单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1(2020新课标卷)my dad dont like the soup and i dont enjoy apples.第一个dont改成doesnt解析：考查主谓一致。句意：我爸爸不喜欢汤，我也不喜欢苹果。表示经常或反复发生的事情，用一般现在时。主语my dad是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数，所以dont改成doesnt。2(陕西)i couldnt believe my lucknot only did i had my photo taken with him, but he signed his name on m

39、y shirt!hadhave解析：考查倒装句的谓语结构，“did主语动词原形”，故had应改为have。3(浙江卷)after we left, i said, “that was very nice of you, mother. but i didnt think she looked like grandma.” “neither did me，” said mother cheerfully.mei解析：“neither助动词主语”结构中，主语应该用主格形式，故me应改为i。4(浙江)he would ask who we was and pretend not to know us

40、.waswere解析：who引导的宾语从句中主语是we，谓语应用复数。5(辽宁)hard work have made him very ill.havehas解析：work为不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。6(陕西)finally, there were a sudden pull at the pole and a fish was caught.werewas解析：there be句型中be动词应该与其后主语a sudden pull在数上保持一致。7(2018全国卷)the classroom is a place for learning and that include learnin

41、g from textbooks, and mistakes as well.includeincludes解析：考查主谓一致。that作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。.语法填空our school library, along with many other buildings, is very different from other schools. there 1._ (be) two computer rooms, three art rooms, a meeting room and a reading room in the library building. t

42、he number of the books 2._ (be) large. it was 2,000,000 dollars 3._ all the books cost our school. it is such a large amount of money 4._ an average family cant afford it，right? but in my view，it is worth it because in the era of knowledge explosion，many students have a thirst for knowledge.areistha

43、tthatour library is also a multifunctional building. there are 500 computers in it. many a student 5._ (surf) the internet at weekends here and now you can see that my classmates, mike and john, are surfing the internet. 6._ happy they are!surfshowlook! a professor and writer 7._ (be) delivering a s

44、peech in the meeting room. every time there is a wonderful speech, the audience always 8._ (cheer) up. what lovely children they are! enter our art room 9._ you will find a teacher with his students is painting in the room. on the wall 10._ (be) about 500 pictures, which attract many students.文章大意：本

45、文为一篇说明文。介绍了学校与众不同的图书馆。ischeer/cheersandare解析：1本题考查了there be句型主谓一致问题。there be句型的主谓一致应遵循“就近一致”原则，故本句的谓语动词应与two computer rooms保持一致。因此填are。2“the number of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词应与the number保持一致，即用动词的单数形式。故填is。3本题考查强调句型。被强调部分为2,000,000 dollars。故填that。4本题考查了“such that ”句型。句意：这是如此大的一笔钱以至于一个普通家庭负担不起，是不是？故填that。5“many a/an单数名词”作主语，谓语动词需用单数形式。故填surfs。6本题考查感