英语语法：主谓一致和介词用法

1、一、 听写、讲解高一第二单元单词二、 讲解例文lesson 7三、 讲解练习：非谓语动词练习四、讲解语法：主谓一致五、讲解语法：介词四、主谓一致（二）语法一致：1. 由and连接的两个名词或代词做主语：（1）这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物，谓语动词用复数形式。例句： My brother and I have both seen that film. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting. Readi

2、ng, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.（2）这部分主语表示具有两个身份或性质的同一个人或一个完整的事物，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting. War and peace is a constant theme in history. One more knife and fork is needed. The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life. Law and

3、order has been established. Bread and butter is our daily food. Fish and chips is a popular fast food. The stars and stripes is the national flag of U.S.A.（3）这部分主语前面有each, every, many a, no 等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例句： Each doctor and（each）nurse was given a new shirt. No sound and no voice is heard. Many a

4、boy and girl has made the same mistake. Every minute and every second is precious.2. 动名词，不定式，主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： Reading is a great pleasure in life. To live means to create. That we need more time is obvious. What is needed is food and medicine.3. 表示时间，金钱，距离，重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时，被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式。例句：

5、 Three thousand miles is a long distance. Eight hours of sleep is enough.4. 不定代词anyone, anything, everyone, everything, someone, something, no one, nothing, each the other 等做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： Is anybody going to tell him the news ? Someone wants to see you.（三）就近原则由连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not onl

6、ybut also, 连接的两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致。例句：1. Either you or Jean is to be sent to New Zealand.2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies.3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.4. George or Tom is wanted.注意：There be句型中be 的形式由它后面的

7、第一个名词的数决定。例句：1. There arent any letters in the mail for you today.2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.名词后面带有with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well as, rather than短语共同做主语时，谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。例

8、句：1. All but one were here just now.2. A library with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift.3. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.4. You as well as I are wrong.（四）意义一致1. 代词none, neither, all的不可数形式还是复数形式由它们指的内容决定例句：（1）All hope has gone.（2）All are

9、 agreed on this point.（3）Is there any milk in the fridge? No, there is none.（4）None has returned from the meeting.2. 集合名词group, class, family, army, enemy, team等名词的单，复数形式根据它们强调的内容而定。例句：（1）The class were all cheerful.（2）The team were taking over some new plays.（3）The group are reading the newspapers.

10、（4）The army is going to remain in this town.（5）The army have rescued the travelers.3. 限定词短语all of; none of; a lot of; 以及分数/百分数+of .修饰名词构成的名词短语做主语时，谓语动词的形式由of 后面的名词形式决定。例句：（1）None of these suggestions are very helpful.（2）I dont think any of us wants to work tomorrow.（3）Two-fifths of the students in t

11、he class are from Arabic-speaking countries.难点突破1. 主谓一致的考查主要体现在单项选择和短文改错两个题型中。同学们在练习和应试时，遇到这样的题时，要牢记主谓一致的三个基本原则。一定要根据句子内容抓住关键的主语部分。同时还要考虑句子的时态和语态。2. one of +复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词与复数名词一致。 the only one of +复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。例句：Jim was one of the boys who were late for class.Jim was th

12、e only one of the boys who was late for class.【典型例题】例1 E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important part in daily communication.A. is playingB. have playedC. are playingD. play分析：带有as well as 短语的名词做主语时，谓语动词与这个名词的人称和数一致，不受as well as 短语内容的影响。E-mail是单数形式，故选择A。例2 Either John or his friends _ to blame f

13、or the bad results.A. areB. isC. wasD. has been分析：eitheror.连接两个名词做主语时，其谓语动词与离它最近的名词的数和人称一致，本题中his friends 决定了谓语动词的形式，故选择A。例3 The conductor and composer _ by a crowd of people.A. are greetedB. is greetedC. greetsD. have been greeted分析：根据句意，主语部分的The conductor and composer 是指一个人即：乐队指挥兼作曲家， 所以主语的内容是单数形式

14、，故选择B。例4 The trousers _ you well, madam.But the colour _ me. A. fit; dont suit B. fits; doesnt suit C. fits; dont suit D. fit; doesnt suit分析：trousers, clothes, glasses,等名词本身就是复数形式。谓语动词用复数形式。Colour 是单数，谓语用单数，故选择D。例5 The Smiths family, which _ rather a large one, _ very fond of their old house.A. were

15、; wereB. was; wereC. were; wasD. was; was分析：family指“家庭”为单数，指“家庭成员”为复数形式。第一空格前的which 指“家庭” 谓语用was. 第二空格后的fond of指“家庭成员喜欢他们的老房子” 谓语为were，故选择B。例6 He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.A. is B. areC. have beenD. has been分析：当定语从句先行词是“one of +复数形式”时， 其后的从句谓语动词用复数

16、形式。而当one之前有the only时， 定语从句则强调the only one，谓语动词用单数。另外，题目中的时间状语for three years表明从句的时态为现在完成时，故选择D。例7 Three fifths of the police _ in the school near the town.A. has trainedB. have trained C. has been trained D. have been trained分析：分数+名词做主语时，谓语动词的形式由分数所指的名词的形式（可数名词或不可数名词）决定，police 是集合名词为复数形式，根据句子意思，poli

17、ce 与train 为被动关系，应用被动语态，故选择D。短文改错片段：1. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.分析：本句中主语Now my picture and the prize是复数形式，谓语动词is应改为are.2. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.分析：本句第一行，根据全篇内容的语境，应当是一般现在时，所以谓语动词talked改为talk.第二行：

18、根据句意：我们下课后立刻又成了陌生人。Stranger应当与主语we一致，改为复数形式，strangers.3. But not all information are good to society.分析：主语information是不可数名词，are应改为is【模拟试题】1. Is there anybody in the classroom ?No, the teacher, together with the students _ to the playground.A. goB. went C. has goneD. have gone2. Are these your sheep

19、?No. Mine _ on grass at the foot of the hill.A. are feedingB. feedC. is fedD. is feeding3. Sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women _ a very shy girl with two bright eyes.A. wasB. are C. were D. there was4. Mr. Bush, together with his wife and daughter _ going to Japan

20、next week.A. are B. isC. will beD. would be5. Not the teacher but the students _ excited.A. is B. hasC. are D. have6. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _ all that I can spare to talk with you.A. areB. wasC. is D. were7. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A. Two fift

21、h; is B. Two fifths; are C. Two fifth; are D. Two fifths; is【试题答案】1. C分析：本题考查的主谓一致的内容与上一题相同，从句子的语境判断，应当用现在完成时。2. A分析：mine指my sheep 为复数形式。是主动语态。3. A分析：本句为倒装句。主语是a very shy girl with two bright eyes.核心主语是a very shy girl，为单数，全句为过去时。4. B分析：全句的核心主语是Mr. Bush，为单数，全句为将来时。5. C分析：运用就近原则，谓语动词和主语the students 一致

22、，此处为主系表结构，用be动词。6. C 分析：主语ten minutes表示时间，被视为一个整体，为单数形式。全句是现在时。7. D分析：本句核心主语是land，为单数形式，同时注意分数的表达形式。四、 讲解语法：介词1. 常见介词用法介词是用在名词、代词等前面，表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的关系的词，介词是一种活跃的虚词。介词后面的名词、代词（用宾格）或相当于名词的东西叫做介词宾语。介词和它的宾语合称介词短语。(1) by:表示“通过，靠途径，借助于，按照，根据”。如：例494：We came here by road/ sea. (由陆路、乘船)比较：例495：The poor boy

23、makes a living by selling newspapers.例496：Only by this means can we get in touch with them.例497：Finally I got the information by means of computer.例498：Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night.例499：You shouldnt judge a person by his looks.例500：Tomatoes are sold by weight.例501：We are pai

24、d by the hour.例502：I did the job all by myself.例503：What time is it by your watch?例504：What do you mean by this?表示“到为止，到之前”，主句常用过去完成时态或将来完成时态。如：例505：I had learnt 22 units by the end of last term.例506：By the time he returns, we will have finished it.表示“在旁”，例如：例507：We live by the road/ sea.(2) in:表示“用

25、，以，以方式、口气、心态、形式”。如：例508：The article was written in English(in Chinese, in ones own words)例509：This can be done in this way/ in a different way. (inway例510：He spoke in an excited voice. (invoice)例511：They went there in his car. 例512：The passer-by looked at me in surprise/ silence.表示地点，在某范围或某空间内。例如：例5

26、13：Theyll stay in Shanghai for five days.例514：There is a small hole/ window in the wall.表示一段时间或表示年、月、季节。例如：例515：Im sure theyll be here in half an hour. 例516：Some birds fly away to the south in winter.(3) on:表示“在时候”（某一天或某天的上午、下午或晚上）。例如：例517：The family go to church on Sundays.例518：We met again on Nov.

27、 1st, 1999.例519：It happened on a winter night. 表示“在上（地点）”，例如：例520：A picture is hung on the wall.例521：Your voice sounds quite different on the phone. (类似的如on the phone/ radio/ television) 表示“有关”，例如：例522：Professor Hunter will give us a talk on education in Australia. 表示“是成员”，例如：例523：Are you still on t

28、he school football team? (on=being a member of)(4) at:表示“在时刻， 在点钟，在岁（时）”等。例如：例524：The speaker will arrive at the airport at 11:00 am.例525：At the age of five, she was accepted into the new family.表示：在地点，在方面，在场合。例如：例526：Johnson lives at 101 Oxford Street.表示：因为，由于（说明引起某种情绪的原因），例如：例527：Most of us got ex

29、cited at the exciting news.例528：The baby was frightened at the sight of the snake.表示：处于（某种状态），进行（某种活动）。例如：例529：The Greens are at table now. (at school, at work, at sea, at meeting, at war.等等)表示指向和目标：向，对，如：例530：The hunter shot at the bear but didnt shoot it. (瞄准)类似的词如：aim at, look at, stare at, glanc

30、e at, laugh at, smile at等。表示：以速度或代价，例如：例531：The car is now moving at (the speed of) 120mph.例532：I bought the book at 50 a copy.（5）for:与表示离开、启程的动词连用，表示方向和目标，例如：例533： We are leaving/ driving /sailing/ setting out/ starting off for that city right now.表示一段时间，如：例534：Ill stay here for a few days.表达“为了”，如

31、：例535：-What do you read the book for? -Just for pleasure.例536：Hope for the best, and prepare for the worst.表达“就来说”，例如：例537：Its bad for your teeth.例538：Jenny is tall for her age.表示“给”，如：例539：Here is a letter for you.表示原因。如：例540：For some reason, he had to move on again.表示赞成。例如：例541：Are you for or agai

32、nst the plan?(5) off：表示离开。例如：例542：The island is three miles off the coast.例543：Please keep off the grass.注意下面的例句里off 用作副词，表达同样的意思。例如：例544:-Im afraid I must be off now. -Oh, are you starting off/ setting off for Jamestown? -Yes, And my plane takes off at 11:15. -Then let me see you off. -Thank you ju

33、st the same. Jack will drive me off to the airport.(6) to:表示对某人的态度：例545：The boss is very kind to us.表示：致，致使。如：例546：To our surprise, he got A grade in the exam this time. 表示方向和目标（与表示来往的动词连用）如：例547：Lets go/ walk/ run to the shopping center. 表示：给，于。如：例548：To whom did you send the message? 表示对比。例如：例549：

34、The score was 6 to 2. 表示目的。例如：例550：He often comes to our help.(他常来帮我们) 表示关联、联系，意为“对于、至于、关于”。例如：例551：Water is to fish what air is to man. (水对鱼的关系正如空气对人)例552：Where is the key to the door/ exercise? (类似的用法还有answer, approach, explanation, introduction, invitation, key, memorial, monument, note, solution

35、等) 表示物体或道路的方向。意为“通向”。例如：例553：Lets meet at the entrance to the theatre. (类似用法还有access, entrance, guide, road等) 表示适应、遵照，意为“按、按照、随同、伴随”。例如：例554：Pleased add salt to your taste.例555：Hes singing to the piano.(7) with：带复合结构（with+宾语+宾语补足语）。注意句中的宾语补足语：例556：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand. （介词短语）

36、例557：I like to sleep with the light on.(副词)例558：I like to sleep with the windows open.(形容词)例559：With so much work to do, I have to get up early tomorrow. (不定式)例560：With the day going on, everything will be all right. (现在分词。随着时间的推移，一切都会好的。句子中的with the day going on相当于as the day goes on.)例561：With his

37、money and friends gone, he felt very lonely.(过去分词)表示：具有，带有。例如：例562：The man with thick glasses in Professor Hunter.表示使用的工具、手段等。例如：例563：All this was done with our hands. (by hand.)表示：相处、合作。例如：例564：David is hard to work with.表示原因。例如：例565：He turned red with anger.例566：With the teachers help, Joan made g

38、reat progress in English. 表示：在方面。例如：例567：Could you help me with my English? 表示：随着。例如：例568：With these words, he left the room angrily.(8) during例569：During my stay in the States, I often thought of my friend Li Hua. (句子中的during my stay in the states.可用从句when/ while I stayed in the States来表达，但不可用durin

39、g I stayed in the States, 因为介词during 不带句子)(9) but:例570：Who but Cart would do that?例571：They had no choice but to give in. 例572：My cat does everything but speak.Except, besides, including和except, except for, except that, except when两组介词的比较。Except ：除外，没有。指的是同类人、事、物的比较；另外，其搭配except for指的是不同类的人、事、物比较，ex

40、cept that, except when后接的是从句。例如：例807：All the articles were well written except Anns.( 同类物相比，即安的作文写得还好)例808：Anns article was well written except for some spelling mistakes.（不同类相比，即只不过有些拼写错。）例809：The old lady often takes a walk except when it is raining. (跟从句，即下雨时不散步)But:：除外，没有。与except 同义，但只用于who, all

41、, no one, nobody, nothing, everyone，everything等代词后，例如：例811：Who but Carl would do that?例812：They had no choice but to give in.例813：He does everything but cook. (他什么都行，就是不会做饭。此处的but前面有行为动词do,其后的动词应不带to.) Besides:作介词，意思为“除外，还有“；作副词，意思为”况且，再说“。例如：例814：All the students were besides their teachers.例815：It

42、s getting dark; besides, its going to rain.Including/ included:包括。注意它们不是介词，、including是动词include的ing形式，included则是形容词。例如：例816：All the students went, including Li Hua/ Li Hua included.(后者是独立主格，相当于and Li Hua was included.)1. The speech by the mayor of Shanghai before the final voting for Expo 2010 is st

43、rongly impressed _ my memory. A. to B. over C. by D. on2. The trees in that thick forest are so dose together that there is hardly any room to move _ them. A. between B. in C. among D. across3. So far, several ships have been reported missing _ the coast of Bermuda Island.A. off B. along C. on D. ar

44、ound4. It was easier to move about _ the fringe of the crowd.A. at B. in C. on D. to 5. For miles around me there is nothing but a desert, without a single plant of tree _.A. in sight B. on the earth C. at a distance D. in a place6. I wanted two seats _ Madame Gurie for Friday night, so I rang the c

45、inema to seeif I could book two tickets. A. of B. about C. to D. for 7. -Has the train arrived? -No, it all will be late _ half an hour.A. at B. for C. in D. by 8. I like traveling by sea _ it is not rough.A. unless B. in case C. as long as D. although9. -Poor Tom! He will have to work all the next

46、month.-Luckily, _ the basketball games are held.A. except B. except that C. except when D. except for 10. _ sick or well, my grandfather is always cheerful.A. Either B. No matter C. Even if D. whether11. The oil must be used up, _ the light went out.A. for B. because C. since D. as 12. The two count

47、ries were _ between 1989 and 1992.A. peace B. at no war C. at peace D. at peaceful13. The bridge is 1000 meters _ length.A. with B. in C. at D. on14. Look out _ the traffic when crossing the road.A. at B. of C. for D. with 15. We often call Martin Luther King M.L.King _ .A. in short B. for short C.

48、at short D. to short16. _ the end of last term, every student in the school, I think, has taken at least five maths tests. A. By B. Since C. From D. In17. -How can I get to the island you mentioned?-You cant get there _ by swimming.A. other than B. more than C. rather than D. less than18. -I find reading comprehension