第一节虚拟语气

1、第一节 虚拟语气A. 语法知识英语中共有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。虚拟语气一般表示说话人的主观愿望，建议、劝告或命令，与现实情况相反或不可能实现的假设。表示对现在事实的虚拟，从句的谓语形式为过去时，主句的谓语动词形式为“would +动词原形”；表示对过去事实的虚拟，从句的谓语动词形式为“had +过去分词”，主句的谓语动词形式为“would +have + 过去分词”；表示对将来事实的虚拟，从句的谓语动词形式“should /were to + 动词原形”，主句的谓语动词形式为“would /should + 动词原形”。在下列情形中, 从句的谓语动词形式为“should +

2、动词原形”（其中should 可省略）：l suggest, propose, advise, order, demand, command, recommend, request, require, desire, insist, decide等动词所带的宾语从句; 由这类动词对应的名词suggestion, proposal, advice, order, demand, command, request, requirement, desire, decision等带出的表语从句或同位语从句。l 在 “It is + 形容词 (important, necessary, vital, e

3、ssential, indispensable, urgent) + that” 的从句中。l 由 lest, for fear that, in case引出的从句。在下列情形中, 从句的谓语动词用一般过去时：l It is ( about/ high ) time that l would rather, would sooner, had rather 后面接从句as though/as if, if only, wish引出的句子, 若表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；若表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词则用过去完成时。如果条件从句中包含有情态动词、were或had时，有时可把if省

4、略，并将情态动词、were或had放在主语前面。在虚拟条件句中，无论什么人称，动词be都用were形式。B. 真题再现1. Linda _（不可能收到我的邮件）; otherwise, she would have replied.2. There would be no life on earth _（没有地球独特的环境）.3. It is suggested that the air conditioner _（要安装在窗户旁）.4. You would not have failed if you _（按照我的指令去做）.5. Jane is tired of dealing with

5、customer complaints and wishes that she _ _（能被分配做另一项工作）. 6. Those flowers looked as if they _（好长时间没有浇水了）.7. Most educators advise that kids _（不要沉溺于电脑游戏）.8. But for the survival instinct which nearly all creatures have, _（更多的物种就可能已经在地球上灭绝了）.C. 拓展练习1. He suggested _ to tomorrows exhibition together. A

6、. us to go B. we wentC. we shall go D. we go2. It was essential that the application forms _ back before the deadline. A. must be sentB. would be sentC. be sentD. were sent3. _ for your help, wed never have been able to get over the difficulties. A. Had it not B. If it were notC. Had it not been D.

7、If we had not been4. The tree looked as if it _ for a long time.A. hasnt watered B. hadnt been wateredC. didnt water D. wasnt watered5. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice.A. follow B. had followedC. would follow D. have followed6. Its time _ about the traffic problem dow

8、ntown. A. something were done B. everything is doneC. anything will be done D. nothing to be done 7. Id rather you _ those important documents with you.A. dont takeB. didnt takeC. wont takeD. not take8. I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience. A. is assigned B. wil

9、l be assignedC. be assigned D. has been assigned9. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself.A. injure B. had injuredC. injuredD. would injure10. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. A. staying at B. not to stayC. that he would not stayD. that he not stay11. Jack wishes that he _

10、 business instead of history when he was in university. A. studied B. studyC. had been studyingD. had studied12. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished. A. had lostB. would have lostC. would loseD. should have lost 第二节

11、倒装结构A. 语法知识下列情况中，句子需要用倒装结构：l 句首是表否定或否定意义的副词或副词词组，如never, little, seldom, hardly, scarcely, not only, by no means, in no case, under no circumstances l 句首为only+状语或状语从句时，主句需要部分倒装l 句首为nor, neither, so l 在Hardly /Scarcelywhen, No soonerthan结构中，主句需倒装 l Not until放在句首，主句倒装，从句不倒装l 由as , though引出让步状语从句时，从句倒装

12、l 以there, here等词引出的句子，谓语若是be, come, go等动态动词、表示一种动作的发生或状态的出现，主谓需全部倒装B. 真题再现1. The university authorities did not approve the regulation _（也没有解释为什么）. 2. _（直到他完成使命）did he realize that he was seriously ill.3. During the meeting, _（他一开始说话，就被听众打断了）.4. Only when I reached my thirties _（我才意识到读书是不能被忽视的）.5. H

13、e assured his friends that under no circumstances _（他会违背还钱的承诺）.6. By no means _（他把自己当成专家）although he knows a lot about the field.7. Not only _（他向我收费过高）, but he didnt do a good job either.C. 拓展练习1. Only by shouting at the top of his voice _. A. was he able to make himself hearB. he was able to make h

14、imself hearC. he was able to make himself heardD. was he able to make himself heard2.“Not until science became prominent _ be abolished”, some people argue.A. did slavery come toB. slavery came toC. had slavery come toD. that slavery came to 3. She never laughed, _ lose her temper.A. or she ever did

15、B. nor did she everC. or did she everD. nor she ever did4. _ when she started complaining.A. Not until he arrivedB. Hardly had he arrivedC. No sooner had he arrivedD. Scarcely did he arrive5. We have been told that under no circumstances _ the telephone in the office for personal affairs. A. may we

16、useB. we may useC. we could useD. did we use6. _ he does get annoyed with her sometimes. A. Although much he likes herB. Much although he likes herC. As he likes her muchD. Much as he likes he7. _ should any money be given to a small child. A. On no accountB. From all accountsC. Of no accountD. By a

17、ll accounts8. _ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent. A. So clever are the construction robots B. So clever the construction robots areC. Such construction robots are cleverD. Such clever construction robots are第三节 非谓语动词A. 语法知识非谓语动词具有动词的特点但不作

18、谓语，可充当主语、宾语、补语、状语等。非谓语动词有主动和被动之分。非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词。B. 真题再现1. We look forward to _（被邀请出席开幕式）.2. Because of the noise outside, Nancy had great difficulty _（集中注意力在实验上）.3. The concerned mother thrilled at the news of _（她的儿子被大学录取了）.4. _（发现很难适应那里的气候）he decided to move to the north.5. Business major as

19、 he is, he _（从未考虑过从事推销员的工作）.6. _（保持幽默感有助于）reduce stress and promote creative thinking in todays competitive society.7. After the terrorist attack, tourists _（被奉劝暂时不要去该国旅游）.C. 拓展练习1.Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw _. A. so that to get not involved B. so as to get no involvedC. so as not to get invol

20、ved D. so that not to get involved2.The ancient Egyptians are supposed _ rockets to the moon. A. to sendingB. to be sendingC. to have sentD. to have been sending3. I have no objection _ your story again. A. to hearB. to hearingC. to having heardD. to have heard4.Peter, who had been driving all day,

21、suggested _ at the next town. A. to stop B. stoppingC. stop D. having stopped5._ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A. The girl to be educatedB. The girls being educatedC. The girl educatedD. The girl was educated6.They are going to have the serviceman _ an electric f

22、an in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed7.If the building project _ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined. A. being completedB. is completedC. to be completedD. completed 8.Silver is the best conductor of electricity, c

23、opper _ it closely.A. followedB. followingC. to followD. being followed9._ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When comparedB. CompareC. While comparingD. Comparing10.The manager promised to keep me _ of how our business was going on. A. to be informe

24、dB.on informingC. informedD. informing11.The speaker, _ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience. A. having knownB. being knownC. knowingD. known12.All flights _ because of the storm, they decided to take the train. A. having canceledB. having been canceledC. were canceledD. ha

25、ve been canceled13.While _ the sun, the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth. A. having orbited B. being orbitedC. having been orbited D. orbiting14._ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. A. Being publishedB. PublishedC. PublishingD. To

26、be published15.Iceland lies far north in the Atlantic, with its northern most tip actually _ the Arctic Circle. A. touchedB. touchesC. touchingD. being touched16.If the ocean were free of ice, storm paths would move further north, _ the plains of the North America of rainfall. A. to depriveB. depriv

27、edC. depriving D. deprive17._, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. A. Other things being equalB. To be equal to other things C. Were other things equalD. Other things to be equal18.His remarks left me _ about his real

28、purpose. A. wondered B. wonderC. to wonder D. wondering19.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs or boxes. A. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated20.You will see this product _ wherever you go.A. to be advertisedB. advertisedC. adverti

29、seD. advertising21. _ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000. A. To be judged the bestB. Having judged the best C. Judged the bestD. Judging the best22.Its no use _ me not to worry.A. you tellB. your tellingC. for you to have toldD. having told

30、23.They are considering _ before the prices go up.A. of buying the houseB. with buying the houseC. buying the houseD. to buy the house24.I appreciate _ to your home. A. to be invited B. having invitedC. to have invited D. being invited25.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because

31、 she was busy _ for her examination. A. to prepare B. to be preparedC. preparing D. being prepared26.After _ for the job, you will be required to take a language test.A. being interviewedB. interviewingC. interviewedD. having interviewed27.Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic r

32、egulations. A. having been finedB. to be finedC. to have been fined D. being fined. 28. The traditional approach _ with complex problems is to break them into smaller, more easily managed problems. A. to dealingB. in dealing C. dealingD. to deal29. The man in the corner confessed to _ a lie to the m

33、anager of the company. A. have toldB. be toldC. being toldD. having told30.Although punctual himself, the professor was used _ late for his lecture.A. to have students B. for students beingC. for students to be D. to students being第四节情态动词A. 语法知识情态动词主要有can, could, may, might, must, should, would, oug

34、ht(to), need, dare。情态动词有一定的词义，和另一动词构成谓语，没有人称的变化。除ought外，其它情态动词后都跟不带to的不定式（动词原形），有时跟不定式的的完成式或进行式。在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustnt，而需要用neednt或dont have to，因为mustnt表示“不可以，不准”。“must + 一般式”表示对现在或将来所发生的事情的一种肯定推测，“must+ 完成式” 表示对过去所发生的事情的一种肯定推测。若要表示对所发生事情的一种否定推测，则用 “cant+ 完成式”。“may/ might+ 完成式”表示对所发生事情的一种可能

35、性推测。 情态动词should, ought, might, could有时和动词的完成形式构成谓语，表示“本应当，本可以，本能够”之类意思。B. 真题再现1.I cant boot my computer now. Something（一定出了毛病）_ with its operation system.2.Oh, my, I cant find my key; _（我一定是把它忘在哪儿了）.3. Mary couldnt have received my letter, _（否则她上周就该回信了）.4. The manager _（本可以亲自参加会议）, but he was called

36、 away from urgent business abroad.5. When people say, “I can feel my ears burning”, it means they think _（肯定有人在说他们的坏话）.C. 拓展练习1.Marys score on the test is the highest in her class; she _ have studied very hard. A. may B. shouldC. mustD. ought to2.You _ him so closely; you should have kept your dista

37、nce. A. shouldnt follow B. mustnt follow C. couldnt have been followingD. shouldnt have been following3.“John isnt here now.” “_ left by the back door?”A. Must he haveB. Might he haveC. Had heD. Should he have4.Tom _ better than to ask Dick for help.A. shall knowB. shouldnt knowC. has knownD. should

38、 have known5.If you dont like to swim, you _ stay at home. A. should as well B. may as wellC. can as well D. would as well6.The room is in a terrible mess; it _ cleaned. A. cant have beenB. shouldnt have beenC. mustnt have been D. wouldnt have been7.Research finding show we spend about two hours dre

39、aming every night, no matter what we _ during the day. A. should have done B. would have doneC. may have done D. must have done第五节 名词性从句A. 语法知识名词性从句主要有以下四种：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句。其中，带有主语从句的句子要求主句的谓语动词用第三人称单数；同位语从句则用来对一些名词（诸如fact, evidence, idea, news, message, problem）进行解释，说明这些名词的具体内容，由that引导。B. 真题再现1

40、. _（给游客印象最深的）was the friendliness and warmth of the local people.2._（很多人所没有意识到的）is that Simon is a lover of sports, and football in particular.3. _（大多数父母所关心的）is providing the best education possible for their children.4. Although I liked the appearance of the house, but _ （真正让我决定买下它的）was the beautif

41、ul view through the window.5. _（已有证据表明）specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.C. 拓展练习1. Physics is the present-day equivalent of _ used to be called natural philosophy, from which most of present-day science arose. A. that B. allC. whichD. what2. _ is the center of

42、our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages. A. It is the sun and not the earthB. Being the sun and not the earthC. The sun and not the earth D. That the sun and not the earth3. In some countries, _ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. A

43、. which B. whatC. thatD. one4. The book will show the readers _ can be used in other contexts. A. how that they have observedB. that how they have observedC. how what they have observedD. that they have observed5. By success I dont mean _ usually thought of when that word is used. A. what isB. that

44、weC. as youD. all is6. Evidence came up _ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. what B. whichC. thatD. whose第六节 定语从句A. 语法知识定语从句在句子中起修饰名词、代词的作用，这些被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词导出，这些引导词在引出从句的同时还在从句中充当一定的语法成分，如主语、宾语、定语或状语。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法如下：先行

45、词是人时，一般用关系代词who, whom, that, whose；先行词是物时，一般用关系代词that和which（介词后只能用which，不能用that）；先行词若是表时间的词时，用关系副词when；表地点时，用关系副词where；表原因时，用关系副词why。as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代上下文提到的某件事。which引导的非限制性定语从句必须位于主句之后，而as引导的从句位置比较灵活，可位于主句前、句中或句末，译为“正如”。B. 真题再现1. The prevention and treatment of AIDs is _（我们可以合作的领域） 2. Medical

46、 researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems _（他们至今还没有答案）.3. We can say a lot of things about those _（毕生致力于诗歌的人）: they are passionate, impulsive and unique.4. He designed the first suspension bridge, _（把美观与功能完美地结合起来）.C. 拓展练习1.All _ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of

47、life.A. what is neededB. for our needsC. the thing neededD. that is needed2.The goals _ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A. after which B. for which C. with which D. at which 3.Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge _ our thinking. A. which to be based on B. w