汉英静态与动态比较

1、汉英静态与动态对比(Stative & Dynamic)-何霞英语倾向用名词，所以叙述多呈静态(Stative)英语的静态，主要表现在以下几个方面：1.名词化(Norminalization)是英语常见的现象2.用名词表示施事者(Agentive noun)，以代替动词3.用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语(Headline phrase)4.名词优势造成介词优势5.动词的弱化与虚化6.用形容词或副词表达动词的意义1.名词化(Norminalization)是英语常见的现象 名词化主要指用名词来表达原来属于动词（或形容词）所表达的概念，如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、状态、品质、情感等概念。这种名

2、词优势往往可以使表达比较简洁，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。例：医生迅速到达，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。 The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily. The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient about

3、 his very speedy recovery.2. 用名词表示施事者(Agentive noun)，以代替动词 英语除了用抽象名词表示行为和动作（如realizerealization, completecompletion）等概念外，还常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。大量由动词派生的名词即表示施事者，又保留原来动词的意义。这类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结构。a hard worker= someone who workes harda slow walker=someone who walks slowlya good thief=someone who thieves w

4、ella bad sailor=someone who often gets seasick 汉语由动词加后缀构成的名词（如读者、教师、打字员、观察家、修理工）用来指人，不再表示行为或动作，所以英语这类名词往往需要转换为汉语动词： He is a good eater and a good sleeper.(C.Eckersley) 他能吃能睡。 He is a young and rapid writer.（S.Coleridge）他是个笔头快的年轻人 That boy is a master comlicator.那男孩可真会捣乱。 3. 用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语(Headline

5、 phrase) 报刊标题为了节约版面，尽量略去虚词和其他次要的词，把有刺激性的词语(stimulating words)挤压在一起，所以名词连用便成了一种free-and-easy habit。如：Sino-American Trade Review Talks Start 中美贸易回顾会谈开始 500-Metre-Long Flood Prevention Dyke Built 五百米长的防洪坝建成 这种名词连用的短语结构简化，表达方便，词数少而信息量大，其使用范围已经大大超过了报刊标题，在现代英语里俯拾皆是。如：gold reserve 黄金储备 generation gap 两代人之间

6、的隔阂 job opportunity discrimination （因种族或性别而异的）就业机会歧视 4. 名词优势造成介词优势 介词前置于名词或名词性短语，由于英语多用名词，必然也要多用介词，所以产生了介词优势。介词优势和名词优势的结合，使英语的静态倾向更为显著。 英语常用介词短语取代动词短语，即以“静”代“动”如： He is at his books.(He is reading books.) He has someone behind him.(Someone supports him.) The machine is in operation.(The machine is w

7、orking.) With these words she went away.(After saying these, she went away.)“名词+介词”的优势常见于英语里大量的弱式短语。这类短语往往削弱或淡化(dilute)原来所要表达的动词、形容词和其他词语的意义，使叙述曲折迂回(circumlocution)，所以增强了静态感如： give rise to (arouse) make contact with (meet) arrive at a conclusion (decide) bring to a conclusion (finish) undertake a st

8、udy of (study) afford an opportunity to (allow) carry out experiments (allow)5.动词的弱化与虚化 英语里最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词- to be， 其各种形式（包括 must be, may be, should have been等）都缺乏动态感。由it或there与be 构成的句式，其静态意味更加明显如： There was a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida. 佛罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴。 A tropical storm lashed the

9、 east coast of Florida. 一场热带风暴袭击了佛罗里达东海岸。 除了be之外，have, become,grow, feel, go, come, get, do等也是英语常用的弱式动词 英语还常把动词转化或派生成名词，置于虚化动词(have, make, take, do等)之后作其宾语，如 have a look, take a walk, make attemps, pay visits, do some damages, put up a proposal 等。这类动词短语往往显得虚弱而平淡无味(colorless)。如： After he had a quarre

10、l with his boss, Jack quit. After he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit. 杰克与老板争吵后便辞职了。 此外，用动名词作虚化动词do的宾语，如do shopping, do some washing等，也很常见。如：The combine does the harvesting of the grain. The combine harvests the grain. 联合收割机收割谷物。6.用形容词或副词表达动词的意义 英语常用动词的同源形容词与弱化动词相结合的方式表达动词的意义。如：I am doubtful wheth

11、er he is still alive. (doubt, live) The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative.(cooperate well) The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients.(sympathize) 不少动词可以用其同源形容词来表达，如：supportsupportive, thankthankful, creatcreative, sleepasleep等。 英语里表示心理或心理感觉的形容词以及其他形容词也常常与弱式动词构成系表结构，表达相

12、当于动词的意义。A postman is not afraid of dogs.He was unawwre of my presence.John seems content just to sit in front of the television all night. 英语还常用副词来表达动词的意义。I am afraid Mr. Brown is out, but hell be in soon.He will be home in half an hour.Down with the old and up with the new.汉语倾向用动词，所以陈述多呈动态(Dynamic)

13、汉语的动态主要表现在以下几个方面：1.动词连用是汉语常见的现象2.动词（词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分3.汉语动词常常重复或重叠1. 动词连用是汉语常见的现象 汉语连动式和兼语式句子都包含着两个或两个以上的动词。连动式、兼语式、把字式和被动式这四个句式还常常相互包孕套用，构成各式各样的多动词谓语句。如： 他想办法摆脱了困境。（=他想办法+他摆脱了困境，连动式） He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。（=我们请她+她唱歌，兼语式） We asked her to sing. 你去教室把他叫回来。（=你去教室+你把他叫回来，连动式与把字式套叠

14、）Go to the classroom and call him back.2.动词（词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 连语动词及动词词组，包括连动式词组、兼语式词组，无需改变形式就可以充当句子的各种成分。如此一来，汉语句子就显得到处都有动词了：如：实现理想境界要靠辛勤劳动。（动词词组作主语、宾语） To translate ideas into reality needs hard work. 他不停地来回走着，激动得说不出话来。（动词词组作状语、补语） He kept on walking back and forth, being too excited to say a single

15、 word. 他们喜欢乘火车旅行。（连动式词组作宾语） They enjoy traveling by train.3. 汉语动词常常重复或重叠 汉语动词的重复或重叠，以及与此相关的句式排比或对偶，可以明显地加强汉语动态感的表现力。英语动词一般不能重叠，也较少重复，甚至常常在需要重复的地方省略。相比之下，汉语动词出现的频率就更高了：来的来，去的去。 Some come here and others go away.说是的说是，说非的说非，莫衷一是。 Some say yesand others no; I dont know whom to follow.学问，学问，要学要问；边学边问，才有

16、学问。 Acquisition of knowledge entails learning and seeking for explanation. 叠音构词是汉人所喜闻乐见的表达方法。汉语动词常常以各种格式加以重复或重叠，构成丰富多彩、生动活泼的动词结构如：AA式： 谈谈 听听 想想 瞧瞧 歇歇 试试 摸摸 A一A 式：谈一谈 听一听 走一走 看一看 避一避 A了A式： 谈了谈 想了想 跺了跺 摇了摇 笑了笑 A着A着（A了A了）：看着看着 翻了一翻 试了一试 AABB式：说说笑笑 来来往往 吃吃喝喝 摇摇晃晃 吵吵闹闹 ABAB式：讨论讨论 学习学习 休息休息 热闹热闹 走动走动 ABAC

17、式： 无依无靠 有始有终 任劳任怨 没完没了 敢作敢为静态转换为动态Fords first pleadge was,Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.福特一开始就保证说：“总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您。”Harvard, despite its own estimate of itself, was ultimately an academic haven where an error of interpretation could result only in loss of face, not in extinction.(Kissinger)哈佛大学，不管它如何自命高明，终究还是个学府胜地，在那里把问题看错了，无非丢脸而已