英美国家历史一览

1、II. History of the UKThe Beginnings of the UKMiddle Ages England16th &17th centuryModern TimesThe Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsearly settlementIberians /Mediterranean（伊比利亚人（伊比利亚人 / 地中海人）地中海人） 3000 B. Cthe Celts Gaels the ancestry of the Scottish and the Irish (700 B. C)Britons （布列吞族）（布列

2、吞族） the ancestry of the Welsh (500 B. C)natives of the UKfrom Europe (upper Rhineland) in search of empty landsthe combination of the Nordic and the Alpinewhite skin, blond hair, taller than the Iberiansdeveloped their own civilization Iberians / MediterraneanIberians, Nordic（北欧）（北欧）and Alpine（阿尔卑斯）

3、（阿尔卑斯）are three kind European Races.About 3000 B. C, Iberians from the Mediterranean lands sailed right up the west coast of England and around Scotland to Scandinavia, for at that time the English Channel was still impassable. Some of them settled in Britain.The Beginnings of the UKa history of inv

4、asionsthe Roman Occupation (55 B. C 410)54 B. C and 55 B. C Julius Caesars（凯撒大帝）（凯撒大帝）nominal conquests43 A. D real conquest by Claudius（克劳迪）（克劳迪）410 A. D Roman power in Britain collapsedconsequences of the Roman occupation and the effects on BritainThe Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsthe

5、Roman Occupation (55 B. C 410)England and Wales were conquered by the Romans while Scotland and Ireland were not.Britain became a Roman province in name.The lowland Britons accepted the Roman way of life radically while the hill dwellers resisted the Romans.The Hadrians Wall was built by the Romans

6、in 122 A. D to drive back the Picts（皮克特人）（皮克特人）.The English upper classes were Romanized.Some of the native people became slaves of the Romans.HADRIANS WALL（哈德良长城哈德良长城） The most prominent and important monument(遗迹遗迹) left by the Romans in Britain, it spans the width of the country. The highest road

7、built by the Romans in England. The Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsAnglo-Saxons Times (410 871)the arrival of the Germanic Tribes in the 5th century (449)the Angles（盎格鲁人（盎格鲁人 ）the Saxons（撒克逊人（撒克逊人 ）the Jutes（朱特人）（朱特人）They spoke a language that we now call Old English.They drove the Welsh

8、and the Scottish to the north of the country, forming “the nation of the English”The Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsAnglo-Saxons Times (410 871)Heptarchy (6th 9th century) 七国争雄时期七国争雄时期7 kingdoms in Englandthe Anglesthe Jutesthe SaxonsNorthumbria（诺森布里亚）（诺森布里亚）Mercia（麦西亚）（麦西亚） East Anglia（东

9、盎格利亚）（东盎格利亚）Kent（肯特）（肯特）Essex (East Saxon)埃塞克斯埃塞克斯Sussex (South Saxon)苏塞克斯苏塞克斯 Wessex (West Saxon)威塞克斯威塞克斯Wessex won the other 6 kingdoms, the king of Wessex Egbert was the king of English in 829.The Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsAnglo-Saxons Times (410 871)achievements during the Heptar

10、chyscholarshipBeowulf 贝尔武夫贝尔武夫social systemreligionthe greatest Old English epicthe beginning of British literatureThe class polarization appeared.The society advanced towards feudalism.A Christian mission under Augustine came from Rome in 597.All England had been Christianized by the 7th centuryThe

11、 Anglo-Saxons churchThe Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsDanish Invasion and the Danish RuleVikings (Danes) invaded England in 8th centuryKing Alfred（艾尔弗雷德大王）（艾尔弗雷德大王）of Wessex defeated the DanesAn agreement (Peace of Edington埃丁顿和约埃丁顿和约) was made between English king Alfred and Danish king

12、Guthrum that Danes ruled the north while the English ruled the south of England. (878 A. D)Alfred forced the Danes to accept Christianity.The Vikings威金人威金人 / 北欧海盗北欧海盗The Scandinavian warriors who raided the coasts of Europe, the British Isles, Iceland and Greenland between the 8th and 10th century.

13、In the 9th and the 10th century England, the Vikings, known as the Danes, settled in the Danelaw, took the English throne in the 11th century and built up a vast kingdom under Canute.The Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsDanish Invasion and the Danish RuleDanes invaded England for the second

14、 time at the end of 10th centuryAn agreement was made that England was shared by the Danish and the English. (1016)England was ruled by English and Danish kings alternatively.English and Danish Kings between 9th and 11th CenturyEnglish KingDanish King973 Edgar united England1013 Ethelred fled to Nor

15、mandySweyn ruled England1014 1015 Ethelred ruled EnglandSweyn died1016 Ethelred died, Edmund ruled England 1017 Edmund diedCanute ruled England1035 1042Harold I and Hardecanute ruled England1042 Edward ruled EnglandHardecanute diedEdgar was Alfreds grandsonEthelred had two sons: Edmund and EdwardCan

16、ute was Sweyns sonCanute had two sons: Harold I and Hardecanuedthe Jorvik Viking Centre, for a unique insight into the life of the Vikings. The Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsthe Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）（诺曼征服）causesprocessconsequencesIn Jan. 1066, Edward died childless, giving the throne to

17、 Harold II, which made William (the Duke of Normandy) angry.William claimed he had the sole right to be king of England.On Oct. 14, 1066, William defeated English army under Harold II, killing Harold II at the battle of Hastings and conquered England.On Christmas Day, 1066, William was crowned in We

18、stminster Abbey, known as William Conqueror（征服者威廉）（征服者威廉）The Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsthe Norman ConquestcausesprocessconsequencesA strong monarchy（君主国）（君主国） was established in England the House of Normandy（诺曼底王朝）（诺曼底王朝）The upper ranks in the church were Normanized and feudalized.Fr

19、ench spoken by the Normans had been the language of the court and upper classes until the 14th century.social system: Feudalism was finally established.Normans（诺曼人）（诺曼人） & Normandy（诺曼底）（诺曼底） A province of France on the English Channel, which was invaded by Vikings or Normans in the 9th century. They

20、 belong to the Vikings, and invaded France in 9th century, settling down in Normandy as their permanent settlement and adopted French and religion.NormansNormandyBuilt by the Normans around 1100, it was the largest Norman keep ever builtColchester Castle It was built by the Normans in the 12th Centu

21、ry St. Peters Cathedral.Godmersham Parish Church, originally built by the Normans. The Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsScottish History from 1st Century to 11 CenturyThe original Scottish Celts are called the Picts.（皮克特人）（皮克特人）Scotland was not conquered by the Romans in the 1st century.Mos

22、t of Scotland was not conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century.Around the 6th century, the Anglo-Saxons occupied southeast of Scotland, including Edinburgh and Glasgow, and the Scots (people from northern Ireland) invaded the south-west of Scotland, while the Picts were left with highland zo

23、ne.An independent Scottish state was formed to resist the pressure from the Vikings in the 9th century.The Beginnings of the UKa history of invasionsWelsh History from 1st Century to 11 CenturyWales was conquered by the Romans.Wales was not occupied by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century.Irish Histo

24、ry from 1st Century to 11 CenturyIreland was not invaded by the Romans.Ireland was not settled by the Anglo-SaxonsMiddle AgesSignificant Events in the Middle Ages EnglandSignificant Events in the Middle Ages WalesSignificant Events in the Middle Ages ScotlandSignificant Events in the Middle Ages Eng

25、landthe end of the House of NormandyWilliam Idied in 1087RobertWilliam IIHenry Idaughterdaughter: Matildason-in-law: Count of Anjou（安茹伯爵）（安茹伯爵）StephenHenry IIRobert was king of Normandy.William II was king of England. An arrow killed him while hunting in 1100.Henry I defeated Robert and kept him in

26、prison in England, ruling England and Normandy since 1106.Stephen became the king in 1135 after Henry Is death and died in 1154.Henry II was crowned in 1154, establishing the House of Anjou / Plantagenet.（安茹王朝（安茹王朝 / 金雀花王朝）金雀花王朝）Significant Events in the Middle Ages EnglandKing John and the Magna Ca

27、rta / the Great Charter（大宪章）（大宪章） Henry II(died in 1189)Johnsucceeded to the throne after Richard Is death in 1199Richard Ithe king after Henry II died in 1189background information about the Great CharterJohn was defeated in a war with France and lost large area of land such as Normandy, Anjou etc.

28、 in 1204, which got the nickname “King of Lackland”John demanded more feudal taxes and army services to recover his power on FranceSignificant Events in the Middle Ages EnglandKing John and the Magna Carta / the Great Charter（大宪章）（大宪章） Magna Carta (the Great Charter)a long document that lords forced

29、 King John to sign on June 17th, 1215 so as to restrict the power of the kingessence of the Great Chartera feudal documentin interests of feudal lords foundation of the democratic parliament in EnglandSignificant Events in the Middle Ages EnglandThe Hundred Years War (1337 1453) 百年战争百年战争a series of

30、medieval Anglo-French wars for more than 100 yearsfeudal and trade warThe war ended in the victory of France in 1453.England lost all the territories in France except Calais.（加来）（加来） Edward III Henry IV Henry V Henry VIBlack Death (1348 1350)Tylers Uprising (1381)the establishment of the House of La

31、ncaster（兰开斯特王朝）（兰开斯特王朝） by Henry IV (1399)English kings during the Hundred Years Warsignificant events during the Hundred Years WarBlack Death（黑死病）（黑死病）Black Death is the deadly plague, most probably bubonic（淋巴腺鼠疫）（淋巴腺鼠疫） which killed large numbers of people in Asia and Europe in the 14th century. T

32、his happened in England during the Hundred Years War. 40% population died and there was a shortage of labor, even schools closed down during the time. Tylers Uprising（泰勒起义）（泰勒起义）la farmer uprising led by Walt Tyler（沃特（沃特. 泰勒）泰勒）lIt failed but shook the foundation of the feudalism and speed the end o

33、f the feudalism in Britain.Significant Events in the Middle Ages EnglandThe Wars of the Roses (1455 1485) two sides of the war(Edward IIIs descendants)the family of Lancaster with badge of red rosesthe family of York with badge of white rosesessence of the war feudal civil war3 phases of the warwars

34、 between the family of Lancaster and York (1455 1461)Edward IV ended the House of Lancasterwars among the family of York (1461 1485)Edward IV killed Henry VI, the Lancastrian was completely destroyedthe establishment of the House of Tudor by Henry VII (1485) the symbol of the end of the Middle Ages

35、Englandconsequence: the weakening of the old feudal nobilitySignificant Events in the Middle Ages ScotlandWilliam Wallaces（威廉（威廉.华莱士）华莱士）uprising in 1298the battle of Bannockburn（班诺克本战（班诺克本战役）役）in 1314led by Robert the Bruce （罗伯特（罗伯特.布鲁斯）布鲁斯）defeated the English army under Edward II300 years of full

36、 independence since 1328Significant Events in the Middle Ages WalesLlywelyn the Great（大来威灵）（大来威灵）unified Wales, forcing the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales（威尔士亲王）（威尔士亲王） in 1267Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales to bring Wales into the British nation.Owain Glyndwrs（欧文（欧文.格林道瓦尔）

37、格林道瓦尔）unsuccessful uprising in the early 15th centuryLlywelyn and Glyndwr unified Wales as an independent nation.16th &17th centuryThe Decline of the Feudalism and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie（资产阶级）（资产阶级） in England in 16th CenturyThe Tudor Reign (1485 1603) 都铎王朝统治都铎王朝统治Henry VII (1485 1509)Henry VII

38、I (1509 1547)CatherineAnne Boleyn Jane Seymour Mary I (15531558)Elizabeth I (1558 1603)Edward VI (15471553)16th &17th centuryThe Decline of the Feudalism and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie（资产阶级）（资产阶级） in England in 16th CenturySignificant Events during the Tudor Reignthe Enclosure Movement（圈地运动）（圈地运动）H

39、enry VIIIs religious reformation establishment of Church of England（英国国教（英国国教 / 圣公会）圣公会）in 16th century“Bloody Mary” quelled and killed Protestantsthe most prosperous era during the British history in Elizabeth Is reignreligious settlement and the success of the religious reformationthe appearance o

40、f navigators and overseas tradeLiterature was at the top of the history (William Shakespeare)16th &17th centuryWales in 16th CenturyWales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament in 1536.Scotland in 16th Century the establishment of the H

41、ouse of Stuart in Scotland（苏格兰的斯图亚特王朝）（苏格兰的斯图亚特王朝）established by Robert . Stuart (the son of Robert . Bruces daughter)relationship between the Stuart and the TudorScottish StuartEnglish Tudor (Henry VII)James IVMargaretHenry VIII James V Mary I James VIMary I (bloody Mary)Elizabeth IEdward VI16th &17th centuryThe Beginning of the House of Stuart and the Revolution in 17th Centurythe House of Stuart in England（英国的斯图亚特王朝）（英国的斯图亚特王朝）James I of England from 1603king of Scotland James VI from 1567established the H