中考对中学英语教学的反拨作用

1、中考对中学英语教学的反拨作用一、反拨研究概况二、问卷调查分析三、教学基本对策一、反拨研究概况hugheshughes（19891989） “ppp” washback effect modelparticipants, process & product一个测试的性质将首先影响参与者对其教学和学习任务的理解和态度，而这种理解和态度又反过来影响参与者完成任务的过程，从而影响教学和学习的结果。alderson (2004)alderson (2004)课程设置（course design）课程实施（course delivery）课程监控（course control）课程评估（course as

2、sessment）教 育 者（ educator)人才培养（ personnel training)语言测试的反拨效应：研究内容与方法语言测试的反拨效应：研究内容与方法washback in language testing: research contents and methodsliying cheng, yoshinori watanabe and andy curtis. 2004nj: lawrence erlbaum press二、问卷调查分析1、中考复习四大法宝的知晓情况项目项目(06-09)很熟较熟了解不熟省考标22%35%29%14%市考标70%15%15%/市真题60%2

3、9%11%/新课标18%36%34%12%2、中考英语复习材料的使用频率项 目 总是 经常 有时 偶尔 从不现行初三课本9.73 23.89 30.97 32.73 2.65初一初二课本7.96 29.20 27.43 12.39 23.01近年各省真题14.16 49.56 20.35 14.16 1.77实用语法专著7.08 39.82 28.32 11.50 11.50重点中学模拟8.85 53.98 19.47 17.70/项 目总是 经常 有时 偶尔 从不根据音标记忆单词9.447.51 14.81 28.11 40.13及时查找所遇生词8.80 30.47 41.63 11.16

4、7.94观看英语原声影视4.944.29 23.82 45.28 21.67阅读课外英文读物1.726.65 33.91 40.99 16.74与同学用英语交流0.003.43 22.75 42.70 31.12阅读语法专项书籍1.72 10.52 40.34 30.69 16.74背诵英文名句佳篇1.72 14.81 45.06 23.18 15.24学唱英文歌谣歌曲4.514.72 29.61 34.98 26.183、学生运用学习策略的频率4、中考测试的消极反拨作用1)缩窄课程涵盖内容2)流失有效教学时间3)淡化复杂问题思考4)削弱教师教学技能5)培育知能两极分数三、教学基本对策(一)“

5、读”领风骚（理论、教材、短文）(二)“研”出法随（考试、学生、规律）(三)“思”心杂念（课标、基础、练习）(四)“享”入非非（资源、技术、思想）( (一)“ )“读”领风骚 a great part to the information i have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way. 我的大部分知识都是这样获得的： 在寻找某个资料时意外地发现了另外的资料。 -adams franklin (1881-1960 )1、读理论1)读学习理论2)读专业理论3)读教学流派理论名称代表人

6、物理论派别教学模式中古学习心理学思想孔子confucius 儒家哲学启发式教学心理训练说psychological training 亚里斯多德aristotle古典人本主义重复训练联想说association 洛克lock 联想主义心理学提供直接经验统觉说apperception 赫尔巴特herbart构造主义心理学阶段教学1)读学习理论经典条件反射理论classical conditioned reflex 巴甫洛夫 pavlov反射理论条件刺激与无条件刺激结合行为习惯说behavioural habits 华生waston 行为主义心理学行为塑造操作性条件反射说instrumental

7、斯金纳skinner 新行为主义程序教学顿悟说insight theory 苛勒cohler 格式塔心理学提供良好观察认知发现说cognitive discovery 布鲁纳bruner 认知心理学最佳教学论有意义言语学习理论meaningful verbal learning 奥苏贝尔ausubel 认知心理学讲授式教学认知指导说cognition guidance 加涅 gagne 信息加工心理学八阶段教学论社会学习理论social learning 班杜拉bandura 行为认知心理学提供良好榜样2)读专业理论英语教师必读书目英语教师必读书目【语言教师行动研究 action resear

8、ch for language teachers】【交际课堂的任务设计 designing tasks for the communicative classroom】【交互性语言教学interactive language teaching】【情感与语言学习affect in language learning】【交际语言教学论communicative language teaching】【外语与第二语言学习foreign and second language learning】【语言教师心理学初探psychology for language teachers 】【外语教师测试手册te

9、sting for language teachers】 【论语言教学环境the context of language teaching】【外语教学研究方法教育统计学导读understanding research in second language learning】3)读教学流派communicative approachdirect methoddirect methodtlt approachtlt approachtotal physical responseaudio-lingual method audio visual approach communicative appr

10、oach语言功能项目特定社会语境运用语言交际1960s威尔金斯 (wilkinswilkins )亚历山大(alexander) main feature (1) 创造运用(2) 意念为纲(3) 过程交际(4) 话语单位(5) 综合训练(6) 错误容忍(7) 学生中心(8) 手段多样(9) 情景精髓advantages:影响最大、生命力最强disadvantages:（1）功能项目问题(function /notion)（2）语法教学问题 (use /usage)direct methoddirect method自然法(natural method)心理法(psychological met

11、hod)口语法(oral method)改良法(reformed method)representatives: 贝力兹（m.d.berlitz） 艾盖尔特（b.eggert） 帕默（h.e.palmer） advantages: 1. 采用直观教具2. 直接学习应用3. 重视语音教学disadvantages:1. 排斥母语2. 错误较多task-based language teaching approachtask-based language teaching approach 任务六要素（一）目标（二）内容（三）程序 （四）输入材料（五）角色 （六）情景 advantages1. 任

12、务活动多样学习兴趣2. 知识技能结合语用能力3. 参与活动思维主体作用4. 小组双人活动面向全体5. 内容广信息多拓宽视域6. 边活动边应变全面发展7. 独立积极参与良好习惯 disadvantages 1. 课堂效率低 2. 依赖程度高 3. 反馈效率低 total physical response james asher 1960s提出 听力理解领先 身体反应语言预先做好准备 降低紧张情绪 advantages吸引注意 提供环境 左右协调快乐需求整句学用 disadvantages 抽象无解 容易疲劳audiolingual method 1940s america口语法句型法结构法军队

13、教学法 advantages1. 听说领先2. 反复模仿3. 强调句型 4. 限制母语 5. 对比结构6. 及时纠错7. 手段先进disadvantages忽视读写 机械重复脱离语境audio visual approach 1950s france1)语言情景结合2)重视口语教学3)重视句型教学4)生活情景对话5)排除母语中介 disadvantages1. 过分强调整体，忽视分析训练2. 忽视书面形式，割断口语书面 advantages1. 调动多种感官，利于培养语感2. 直接建立联系，利于外语思维2 2、读教材、读教材brian tomlinson(brian tomlinson(英国英

14、国) )developing materials for language developing materials for language teachingteaching动情：学生生活相关，激发学习兴趣，动情：学生生活相关，激发学习兴趣， 情感体验学习情感体验学习动脑：在学习中获得新经验并反思以往经验动脑：在学习中获得新经验并反思以往经验动手：做动手：做( (有意义的有意义的) )事，开发能力事，开发能力七年级上册unit 1 my names gina.unit 2 is this your pencil?unit 3 this is my sister.unit 4 wheres m

15、y backpack?unit 5 do you have a soccer ball?unit 6 do you like bananas?unit 7 how much are these pants?unit 8 when is your birthday?unit 9 do you want to go a movie?unit 10 can you play the guitar?unit 11 what time do you go to school? unit 12 my favorite subject is science.七年级下册unit 1 wheres your p

16、en pal from? unit 2 wheres the post office?unit 3 why do you like koalas?unit 4 i want to be an actor.unit 5 im watching tv.unit 6 its raining!unit 7 what does he look like?unit 8 id like some noodles.unit 9 how was your weekend?unit 10 where did you go on vacation?unit 11 what do you think of game

17、shows?unit 12 dont eat in class. 八年级上册unit 1 how often do you exercise?unit 2 whats the matter?unit 3 what are you doing for vacation?unit 4 how do you get to school?unit 5 can you come to my party?unit 6 im more outgoing than my sister.unit 7 how do you make a banana smoothie?unit 8 how was your sc

18、hool trip?unit 9 when was he born? unit 10 im going to be a basketball player.unit 11 could you please clean your room?unit 12 whats the best radio station?八年级下册unit 1 will people have robots?unit 2 what should i do?unit 3 what were you doing when the ufo arrived?unit 4 he said i was hard-working.un

19、it 5 if you go to the party, youll have a great time! unit 6 how long have you been collecting shells? unit 7 would you mind turning down the music? unit 8 why dont you get her a scarf?unit 9 have you ever been to an amusement park? unit 10 its a nice day, isnt it?九年级unit 1 how do you study for a te

20、st?unit 2 i used to be afraid of the dark.unit 3 teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.unit 4 what would you do？unit 5 it must belong to carla.unit 6 i like music that i can dance to.unit 7 where would you like to visit?unit 8 ill help clean up the city parks.unit 9 when was it inv

21、ented?unit 10 by the time i got outside, the bus had already left. unit 11 could you please tell me where the restrooms are?unit 12 youre supposed to shake hands.unit 13 rainy days make me sad.unit 14 have you packed yet?unit 15 were trying to save the manateese!对策：对策：* *依托话题，创设活动，激发热情依托话题，创设活动，激发热情

22、* *巧用词汇，开发心智，鼓励用脑巧用词汇，开发心智，鼓励用脑* *广涉资源，积极比照，语不离手广涉资源，积极比照，语不离手途径：途径：* *重精读，上好每一篇课文。重精读，上好每一篇课文。* *抓略读，选好一本配套书。抓略读，选好一本配套书。* *促泛读，用好每一种渠道。促泛读，用好每一种渠道。3 3、读短文语篇短语境强语感好语言精1) 语篇短语篇短 reports that say that something hasnt happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; t

23、here are things we know we know. we also know there are known unknowns; i.e., we know there are some things we do not know. but there are also unknown unknowns the ones we dont know we dont know. foot in mouth2) 2) 语境强语境强the first snow came. how beautiful it was, falling so silently, all day long, a

24、ll night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead.3) 3) 语感好语感好is there going to be a rise in the price of rice? if a wise child buys some nice white rice at once and the price of rice doesnt rise, he wont get any prize. i might find a kind of unki

25、nd bright light in his eyes at night. i must advise him, as my advice is always quite nice and right.you can read it in the paper. you can read what people say. you can find it in the paper, most papers in the u. s. a. sometimes you can find good news. sometimes the news is bad. sometimes the news m

26、akes you happy. sometimes it only makes you mad. but if you want to be informed, take my recommendation. go to a newsstand and pick up a paper, if you want information. if you want to read the news. look in the paper. if you want an opinion. if you want to buy a house. if youre looking for a job. if

27、 you want to buy a car. if you want to see a show. if you want to know the score. if you want the weather forecast. if you want to see comics. if you have money to invest. if you want a recipe. if you need a vacation. 4) 语言精语言精(二)“研”出法随1、研究考试2、研究学生3、研究规律1、研究考试(以补全对话为例) 名称名称数量数量名称名称数量数量补全对话补全对话3232口语

28、交际应用口语交际应用2424完成对话完成对话1111情景交际运用情景交际运用9 9情景对话情景对话6 6communication5 5日常对话日常对话4 4对话填空对话填空3 3写句子写句子2 2词汇运用词汇运用2 2选词填空选词填空1 1书面表达书面表达1 1(2009全国中考全国中考“补全对话补全对话”试题使用的名称及数量试题使用的名称及数量)内容内容卷数卷数内容内容卷数卷数打电话18购物9过去事14就餐7将来事10问路5求帮助7建议4家庭事3学习3买汽车1热点3做衣服1爱好3谈地方1慈善活动1谈身体1交通安全1访个人1其他情景7(2009(2009全国中考全国中考“补全对话补全对话”考

29、查考查内容及数量内容及数量) )答题形式答题形式1 1、选择式：、选择式：7 7句选句选5 5 方框单词或短语方框单词或短语 i-iii-ii栏配对栏配对2 2、填写式：句子、填写式：句子 单词单词 首字母单词首字母单词 中文情景填英文中文情景填英文短语或句子短语或句子主要问题主要问题1 1、控制过强、控制过强 ( (首字母首字母) )2 2、要求不明、要求不明( (两项多余、用单词短语或句子两项多余、用单词短语或句子) ) 3 3、分类不妥、分类不妥( (阅读、写作？阅读、写作？) ) 4 4、梯度不够、梯度不够 5 5、抄写费时、抄写费时6 6、分值过高、分值过高 7 7、话题重复、话题重

30、复2、研究学生当下社会的不好评价“四有四无四不得” 有知识无智慧沉不得有目标无信仰骂不得有规范无道德亏不得有个性无合作苦不得拿什么征服学生？真情实感真心实意真抓实干真才实学学习者类型类型类型优点优点不足不足速战速速战速决型决型集中突击、角色扮演、解决问题不深入、合作少、不持久浮想联浮想联翩型翩型深入思考、点子较多、喜欢评价不守时、变化快、难管理逻辑推逻辑推理型理型乐于探究、有条不紊、擅于组织自省少、创新少、合作少广泛涉广泛涉猎型猎型兴趣 、纵观大局、擅于创造重细节、少甄别、无重心3、研究规律1)主题词汇图示化2)基本词汇趣味化*tongue twisters: if you notice th

31、is notice, you will notice that this notice is not worth noticing. that fat man said that that that that that black man said was that bad.mr. cook said to a cook, “the cook-book is very good. please take a look.”*great thoughts:you have to believe in yourself. thats the secret of success.man struggl

32、es upwards; water flows downwards.a great man is always willing to be little.*kids chantthe animals are racing! watch them go! twelfth is the pig; hes the very last. eleventh is the dog; he isnt running fast. tenth is the rooster; eating a pear. ninth is the monkey; jumping in the air. eighth is the

33、 sheep; hes looking down. seventh is the horse; big and brown. sixth is the snake; shes long and thin. fifth is the dragon; he wants to win. fourth is the rabbit, hop and bounce. third is the tiger, waiting to pounce. second is the bull;he cant believe his eyes. because first is the rat, naughty but wise. but where is the cat, with the black and white face? hes still sleeping;he cant finish the race!