新加坡,马来西亚和印度尼西亚外贸

1、nIndia is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world.Specific Learning ObjectivesnUnderstand the historical development of the economies of Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India.nDiscuss trade relations

2、hips between Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia.nCompare the differences and similarities of trade policies between Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia.nDevelop an understanding of Indian firms and their unique business characteristics. nSingapore is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsu

3、la, and comprises Singapore island and 60 other islets. Area: 622 sq km. Population (2003 est.): 3,104,000.nThree-fourths of the people are Chinese; most of the rest are Malays and Indians. Languages: English, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil (all official). Religions: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism; also

4、 Islam, Christianity, Hinduism. Currency: Singapore Dollar (AU$1=S$1.05).n Long inhabited by fishermen and pirates, it was an outpost of the Sumatran empire of Shrivijaya until the 14th century, when it passed to Java and then Siam. It became part of the Malacca empire in the 15th century.Profile of

5、 Singapore n In the 16th century the Portuguese controlled the area; they were followed by the Dutch in the 17th century.nIn 1819 it was ceded to the British East India Co., becoming part of the Straits Settlements and the center of British colonial activity in Southeast Asia.nThe Japanese occupied

6、the island 1942-45. In 1946 it became a crown colony. It achieved full internal self-government in 1959, became a part of Malaysia in 1963, and became independent in 1965.nSince becoming an independent republic in 1965, multiethnic Singapore has maintained political stability and high economic growt

7、h. As a result, Singapore is now Southeast Asias most important seaport, financial center, and manufacturing hub.Historical Development nBecause of its phenomenal economic growth since independence and the continued robustness of its economy, Singapore is often referred to by economists as one of As

8、ias Four Dragons, along with Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan.nSingapore is the 5th wealthiest country in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita. The economy centers around services, notably financial and business services.n Services comprise 65 percent of the GDP. In this sector, financial an

9、d business services are the most important, followed by wholesale and retail trade, and transportation and communications. Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange.Economic Development n Manufacturing accounts for 23% of the GDP. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore no

10、w produces a diversity of goods, including petroleum products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronic items, textiles and clothing, plastics, rubber products, steel pipes, and processed foods.nSingapore is one of the worlds largest petroleum refining centers and is also an important shipbuilding cen

11、ter. In the 1990s the largest manufacturing industry was electronics, accounting for one-half of its manufacturing output and one-third of its employment.nThe value of imports generally exceeds the value of exports in Singapore. In 2006, the country exported goods worth U.S.$110 billion, but imports

12、 cost U.S.$112 billion.Economic Performance n Malaysia is composed of two regions, West Malaysia and East Malaysia, separated by 650 km of the China Sea.nWest Malaysia occupies the southern half of the Malay Peninsula, and is bordered on the north by Thailand. East Malaysia occupies the northwestern

13、 part of the island of Borneo and consists of the states of Sarawak and Sabah.n Area: 330,442 sq km. Population (2005 est.): 21,770,000. Capital: Kuala Lumpur.nBecause it lies on the heavily traveled Strait of Malacca, the countrys population is a very diverse mix, in which ethnic Malays and Chinese

14、 form the largest groups. Smaller ethnic groups include Indians, Pakistanis, and Tamils.Profile of MalaysianLanguages: Malay (official), Chinese, Indo-European languages. Religions: Islam (official), Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Hinduism. Currency: Ringgit (AU$1=MYR 2.5).nWest Malaysia is largely

15、 mountainous; East Malaysia has coastal plains rising to hills and then to a mountainous core.nMuch of Malaysia is covered by rain forest. Tree crops, notably rubber and palm oil, are the countrys most important cash crops; rice is the chief staple crop.nPetroleum drilling and production and tin min

16、ing are important, as is the manufacture of rubber goods, cement, and iron and steel products.Profile of Malaysia Historical Developmentn Malaya has been inhabited for 6,000-8,000 years, and small kingdoms existed in the 2nd-3rd century AD, when adventurers from India first arrived.nSumatran exiles

17、founded the city-state of Malacca c. 1400, and it flourished as a trading and Islamic religious center until its capture by the Portuguese in 1511.Malacca passed to the Dutch in 1641. The British founded a settlement on Singapore island in 1819, and by 1867 they had established the Straits Settlemen

18、ts, including Malacca, Singapore, and Penang island.nDuring the late 19th century Chinese began to migrate to Malaya. Japan invaded Malaya in 1941 and captured Singapore in 1942. nOpposition to British rule led to the creation of the United Malaya National Organization (UMNO) in 1946, and in 1948 th

19、e peninsula was federated with Penang.nMalaya gained independence from Britain in 1957, and the federation of Malaysia was established in 1963.nThe economy of Malaysia once relied principally on the production of raw materials for export, most importantly petroleum, natural rubber, tin, palm oil, an

20、d timber.n Recently the manufacturing sector has grown in importance, helping the nations economy expand 7.4 percent annually in the period 1990-1998.Modern DevelopmentnFrom a country dependent on agriculture and primary commodities in the 1960s, Malaysia has today become an export-driven economy sp

21、urred on by high technology, knowledge-based and capital-intensive industries.nThe mid-1997 economic and financial crisis which hit several countries in the Asia Pacific Region and caused a currency crisis and stock market crash in Malaysia, provided further proof of the strength and resilience of t

22、he Malaysian economy.n Within less than two years, helped by selective exchange controls and the pegging of the ringgit, Malaysia bounced back and went on track towards economic recovery.nMalaysias rapid industrialization was the result of the country opening itself relatively early in the 1960s to

23、foreign direct investments (FDI). Today, its market-oriented economy, combined with an educated workforce and a well-developed infrastructure, has made Malaysia one of the largest recipients of FDI among developing countries.Economic DevelopmentnMalaysia experienced an economic boom and underwent ra

24、pid development during the late-20th century. Rapid growth during the 1980s and 1990s, averaging 8% from 1991 to 1997, has transformed Malaysia into a newly industrialised country.n The manufacturing sector now accounts for 30.4% of Malaysias GDP while exports of manufactured goods make up 86.5% of

25、the countrys total exports.nFrom being the worlds largest producer of rubber and tin, Malaysia is today one of the worlds leading exporters of semiconductor devices, computer hard disk drives, audio and video products, and room air-conditioners.Economic Performance nIndonesia is located off the coas

26、t of mainland Southeast Asia. It comprises about 13,670 islands, of which more than 7,000 are uninhabited. Area: 1,922,570 sq km. Capital: Jakarta (on Java).nThe population in Indonesia: 209 millions as the 4th most populated country in the world after China, India, and USA.nIt has more than 300 dif

27、ferent ethnic groups which fall into three broad groups: the Muslim rice growers of Java and neighboring islands; the Muslim coastal peoples, including the Malays of Sumatra; and the Dayak and other ethnic groups.n Language: Bahasa Indonesia (official); some 250 languages from different ethnic group

28、s. Religions: Islam (more than four-fifths); Hinduism; Buddhism. Currency: Rupiah (AU$1=IDR8257).Profile of Indonesia Profile of Indonesian Indonesia stretches 5,100 km from Sumatra in the west to New Guinea in the east. Other major islands include Java (with more than half of Indonesias population)

29、, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, the western half of Timor, Borneo (part), Celebes (Sulawesi), and the northern Moluccas.nThe islands are characterized by rugged volcanic mountains and tropical rainforests. Geologically unstable, Indonesia has frequent earthquakes and 220 active volcanoes, including Krakata

30、u. Only one-tenth of its land is arable, and rice is the staple crop. Oil, natural gas, timber products, garments, and rubber are the countrys major exports.nProto-Malay peoples migrated to Indonesia from mainland Asia before 1000 BC. n Commercial relations were established with China in about the 1

31、st century AD, and Hindu and Buddhist cultural influences from India began to take hold.nIndian traders brought Islam to the islands in the 13th century; it took hold throughout the islands, except for Bali, which retained its Hindu religion and culture.n European influence began in the 16th century

32、, and the Dutch ruled Indonesia from the late 17th century until 1942, when the Japanese invaded.nSukarno declared Indonesias independence in 1945, which the Dutch granted, with nominal union to the Netherlands, in 1949; Indonesia dissolved this union in 1954.Historical Development n The suppression

33、 of an alleged coup attempt in 1965 resulted in the deaths of more than 300,000 people the government claimed to be communists, and by 1968 General Suharto had taken power.nSuhartos government forcibly incorporated East Timor into Indonesia in 1975-76, with much loss of life. In the 1990s the countr

34、y was beset by political, economic, and environmental problems, and Suharto was deposed in 1998; he was replaced by his vice president, B.J. Habibie.nMuslim leader Abdurrahman Wahid was elected president in 1999 but was removed from office in 2001 after being implicated in scandals. He was replaced

35、by his vice president, Megawati Sukarnoputri, the eldest daughter of Sukarno.nIn 1999 the people of East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia, which was granted. East Timor became a non-self-governing territory under United Nations supervision.Modern DevelopmentnIndonesias geography, natural

36、resources and economic and trade policies have enabled the country to sustain strong, long-term economic growth.nManufacturing has grown rapidly in recent years, and since 1991, has been Indonesias major economic sector, followed by agriculture. The 3rd largest economic sector is wholesale and retai

37、l trade. Mining and quarrying constitute the 4th largest economic sector.nIndonesia ranks 15th among world oil producers, and 8th among the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members. Indonesia is the only Asian OPEC nation.nIndonesia is also the worlds largest exporter of liquefie

38、d natural gas (LNG), accounting for over 40% of the world market and is the worlds 7th largest producer of natural gascropnIndonesias major export markets for crude oil are Japan and the United States.Economic Development n In the mining sector, in addition to crude oil and liquefied natural gas, In

39、donesia exports significant quantities of copper ore, nickel matte, coal and aluminum. Significant deposits of gold have also been discovered on several Indonesian islands.nIndonesia is also the worlds largest tin producer, recently surpassing Brazil and Malaysia.nSince 1983, the Government of Indon

40、esia has carried out a series of broad measures aimed at reducing the countrys reliance on oil revenues through the development of a more diversified and competitive economy.The Government continues to take measures to reform the economy, promote investment, increase non-oil exports and expand the t

41、ourism industry and capital markets.Economic Performance Common Characteristics of the Economies of Singapore, Malaysia and IndonesianRapid industrialization from the 1960s.nOpening themselves to foreign direct investments.nMarket-oriented economies, combined with an educated workforce and a well-de

42、veloped infrastructure.nFast growth in the manufacturing sector, particularly in the high technology industry.nIncreasing exports of manufactured goods.nThe original member countries of ASEAN (also the Philippines and Thailand).nThe initial task was to be political alliance against the Communist influence.nGeographically linked