英语专业到论文从哲学角度看中西餐具文化的差异

1、the difference of tableware culture between china and western countries from philosophical perspective温州医学院本科毕业论文( 2010届 ) 论文题目 the difference of tableware culture between（英文） china and western countries from philosophicalperspective 论文题目 从哲学角度看中西餐具文化的差异（中文） 学院 仁济学院 专业 英语 班级 2006（02）班 学号 0606041057

2、作者姓名 江潞茜 指导老师 完稿时间 2010.04.28 成绩目 录abstract:iv摘要ivoutlinev提纲vi1. introduction12. culture and philosophy12.1 culture22.2 philosophy22.2.1 chinese philosophy: collectivism32.2.2 western philosophy: individualism42.3 relation between culture and philosophy43. tableware culture53.1 development history o

3、f tableware culture in china53.2 development history of tableware culture in western countries64. causes of the difference of tableware culture64.1 difference in geography64.2 difference in social structure74.3 difference in mode of production85. influence of philosophy on tableware culture95.1 the

4、serving of tablewares95.2 the shape of tablewares105.3 the function of tablewares106. conclusion11works cited12the difference of tableware culture between china and western countries from philosophical perspectivejiang luxiabstract: this paper first defines culture and philosophy, elaborates the dif

5、ferent kinds of philosophy between china and western countries, especially collectivism and individualism, and analyzes the relationship between philosophy and culture. it then compares the development history of tableware culture in china with western countries and explores the three causes of the

6、difference of tableware culture, namely, geographical environment, social structure and mode of production. it finally illustrates the influence of philosophy on tableware culture in different aspects such as the serving, the shape and the function of tablewares.key words: tableware culture; philoso

7、phy; collectivism; individualism; 从哲学角度看中西餐具文化的差异江潞茜摘要: 本文首先对哲学与文化做出定义，阐述了中西方国家不同的哲学思想，特别是集体主义和个人主义，并且分析了哲学与文化之间的关系；然后比较中国与西方国家餐具文化的发展历史，还从三个方面探讨了产生不同餐具文化的原因，即地理不同、社会结构不同、生产方式不同；最后从餐具的使用、外形、功能等方面阐明了哲学对餐具文化的影响。关键词：餐具文化；哲学；集体主义；个人主义the difference of tableware culture between china and western countrie

8、s from philosophical perspectiveoutline1. introduction 2. culture and philosophy 2.1 culture 2.2 philosophy 2.2.1 chinese philosophy: collectivism 2.2.2 western philosophy: individualism 2.3 relation between culture and philosophy3. tableware culture 3.1 development history of tableware culture in c

9、hina 3.2 development history of tableware culture in western countries4. causes of the difference of tableware culture 4.1 difference in geography 4.2 difference in social structure 4.3 difference in mode of production5. influence of philosophy on tableware culture 5.1 the serving of tablewares 5.2

10、the shape of tablewares5.3 the function of tablewares6. conclusion 从哲学角度看中西餐具文化的差异提纲1. 引言2. 文化与哲学 2.1 文化 2.2 哲学 2.2.1 中国哲学：集体主义 2.2.2 西方哲学：个人主义 2.3文化与哲学的关系3. 餐具文化3.1 中国餐具文化的发展历程3.2 西方餐具文化的发展历程4. 产生餐具文化不同的原因 4.1 地理不同 4.2 社会结构不同 4.3 生产方式不同5哲学对餐具文化的影响 5.1 餐具的使用 5.2 餐具的外形 5.3 餐具的功能6. 结语12the difference

11、of tableware culture between china and western countries from philosophical perspectivers 2006（02）（english）jiang luxi tutor: zhang hua1. introductioninterpersonal communication is essential in our daily life. with the development of economy and society, people communicate with each other more freque

12、ntly and their scope of communication is expanding. sometimes people need to communicate with people from different countries or different cultures. varieties of difficulties and obstacles would arise during communication. to eliminate the barriers of inter-cultural communication, people should lear

13、n the culture of the social groups, obtain the ability of inter-cultural communication and correctly understand the content of communication (陈凌 93). so it requires us to know different cultures in china and western countries. as part of culture, tableware culture shows us some differences between c

14、hina and western countries. the different tableware culture reflects two different philosophical thoughts between china and western countries, and vice versa. knowing the different tableware culture will help us have a better understanding of the eastern and western countries.it is an era of globali

15、zation now, so the inter-cultural communication between the east and the west is particularly important. in order to know more about the difference of tableware culture between china and western countries, this paper will first introduce culture and philosophy, elaborate two different kinds of philo

16、sophy between china and western countries and analyze the relationship between philosophy and culture, and then compare the development history of tableware culture in china with that in western countries and explore the causes of the difference of tableware culture and finally illustrate the influe

17、nce of philosophy on tableware culture.2. culture and philosophyculture and philosophy all have profound impact on the development of chinese and western society. for the purpose of achieving a better understanding of the differences of culture between china and western countries, this chapter will

18、introduce culture and philosophy in detail. 2.1 culturepeople always talk about culture, but it is difficult to describe the definition of culture in a brief sentence. generally speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, and it is the product formed by peoples long-term creation. at the same time, cu

19、lture is a historical phenomenon and it is the sediments of social history. many scholars have different explanations for culture. the outstanding anthropologist edward burnett tylor says, “culture, or civilization, is the complex whole that consists of knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs

20、and other abilities and habits that man acquires as a member of society” (1). from this it can be seen that culture is broadly based. and this is regarded as the most influential definition of culture and it seems to stress spiritual culture. liang shuming points out that culture is national life an

21、d it includes three aspects, namely, the spiritual life, the social life and the material life (339). so liang shuming defines culture from the perspective of national life and it has a great power in society. although there are different definitions of culture, it still covers many aspects and show

22、s peoples high-level spiritual life. culture is also regarded as the tool to guide peoples life. culture is an integral part of a society and it is essential for the existence of a society. different countries have different social history, so every country has a different and specific culture. peop

23、le of one culture usually have unique language, behavior patterns, customs, traditions, perceptions and beliefs, which differ them from other cultures. therefore, the different cultures can result in the difference between china and western countries. 2.2 philosophyphilosophy has very long history a

24、nd the word “philosophy” comes from the greek “philosophia”, which means “love of wisdom”. so philosophy is the crystallization of human knowledge. people have different views about wisdom, so they also have the different ideas about philosophy. shen qingsong says that philosophy is an integral, fun

25、damental and critical exploration for the world and humans (2). according to teichmann and evans, “philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. these problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose” (1). that is t

26、o say, philosophy means that people are eager to know the world, understand the world and change the world. philosophy is regarded as the powerful tools and weapons for people to understand the world and improve the society and peoples life. it guides the direction, draws up principles and provides

27、methods for the development of society, which can improve and change the society constantly. philosophy has a great influence on the development of a society, so different philosophical thoughts can bring about different social changes. according to shen qingsong, academics think that in the world t

28、here are three kinds of classical philosophy, chinese philosophy, indian philosophy and greek philosophy (145). the three kinds of philosophy stand for three different cultures. chinese culture stresses on collectivism and western culture is based on individualism. these two philosophical thoughts p

29、lay important roles in the development history of chinese and western society. richard e. nisbett points out “the philosophies and achievements of the greeks and chinese of 2500 years ago were remarkably different” (1). he explains that greeks advocate personal power and value personality, speculati

30、on and the sense of curiosity about the world, while chinese believe in the collective strength, value peace, advocate the mediocre thinking and strive to avoid conflicting, but lack the sense of curiosity about the world (nisbett 4). it also reflects the differences of china and western countries.t

31、here are many differences in philosophical thoughts between china and western countries, but the most distinctive one is chinese collectivism and western individualism. collectivism and individualism have great influence on tableware culture, which results in the difference of tablewares between chi

32、na and western countries.2.2.1 chinese philosophy: collectivism chinese philosophy is collectivism-oriented. it advocates that individuals should be subordinate to the society, and individual interests should be subject to the general good of the group. all the expression of opinions and behaviors s

33、hould conform to the collective interests of the multitude, which is the highest standard of collectivism. therefore, if our personal interests conflict with collective interests, it is the individual interests which should be subordinated to those of the state and the collective. chinese society ad

34、vocates that each individual must obey collective wills. in china, people sing high praise for the behavior of selfless dedication. if a person considers his own interests at first, then other people will look at him as the selfish man and hate him. as liang shuming points out, “in the individual-ri

35、ghts-centered western society, the concept of rights is cherished by everybody; on the contrary, in the duty-conscious chinese society, individual rights have no place” (260). according to xie long, western people advocate individual and freedom, while chinese people advocate ethics, and chinese phi

36、losophy maintains five cardinal relations, which include benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity (17). they are the standards of human relations in family and community. they pay more attention to collective consciousness and they emphasize belonging and loyalty to collective orga

37、nizations. in the same group, people should share not only the joys but also the sorrows, and they should also stick together through thick and thin. they believe that the collective intellect yields greater results than any individual. so collectivism is the most important value orientation in the

38、chinese society and culture.2.2.2 western philosophy: individualism western philosophy is individualism-oriented. individualism is the core value of western civilization and it is a moral, political, and social philosophy. it stresses on personal independence, the importance of individual self-confi

39、dence and personal freedom. its main content is to achieve self-realization by self-reliance. the starting point of individualism is personal needs, personal wishes and personal well-being. so individualism argues against the standard of social value which is unified. in western countries, people em

40、phasize the individualism. according to wang lingyun, western people claim “all men are created equal, that they are endowed by god with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” (83). so individualism is in close connection with freedom, equality a

41、nd competition. everyone has equal rights and opportunities to achieve success, but they must actively compete to reach their goals. people can enjoy freedom as they wished, express their own opinions and make their own decisions, which are not influenced by external factors. all these create the co

42、ndition for the development of individual freedom. in a word, individualism is very important in western countries.2.3 relation between culture and philosophy as viewed from traditional philosophy, philosophy is just part of culture. from the trends of contemporary philosophy of culture, people rega

43、rd culture as the fundamental forms of philosophy (邹广文 73). so there is a definite link between culture and philosophy. zou guangwen thinks that philosophy and culture form human existence which includes peoples internal and external manifestation, also philosophy is the core of human culture, and c

44、ulture is the support and manifestation of philosophy (77). thus, philosophy is the crystallization and end-result of human culture. culture is essentially the expressive form of the philosophical thoughts. in different times and regions the philosophical thoughts are different, and then the culture

45、 will also become different. therefore, culture and philosophy develop and change together. there is no philosophy that can be detached from the culture, and also there is no culture that can secede from the philosophy and stand on its own. philosophy is based on the existence and development of hum

46、an beings. philosophy is the reflection of culture, it helps people set value goals to promote and develop culture (邹广文 77). so a new culture gives rise to a philosophy and the emergence of the philosophy can push on the development of the culture. in other words, philosophy comes from culture, and

47、then the philosophy guides, promotes and develops the culture. the combination of culture and philosophy can produce a new culture. this new culture will go deep into every aspect of peoples lives to guide and enrich peoples life. 3 tableware culture chinese people and western people use different t

48、ablewares. as part of culture, tableware culture reflects two different philosophical thoughts between china and western countries. the history can help us have a more particular knowledge of the difference of tableware culture between china and western countries, so in the following part the author

49、 will introduce the development history of tableware culture in china with western countries.3.1 development history of tableware culture in china in china, the main tablewares are chopsticks, spoons, bowls and plates. as the representative of eastern societies, china mainly uses chopsticks to eat.

50、chopsticks are just two small sticks, but people can use chopsticks to eat all kinds of food. according to yang jing, chopsticks not only become a typical way of taking meals but also form a unique chopsticks culture, and chopsticks most successfully show the basic traits and patterns of chinese cul

51、ture (118). so chopsticks are the quintessence of chinese civilization and the essence of wisdom. in remote antiquity, our ancestors ate food mainly by hand. when people invented the tools to cook food, they found the cooked food was so hot and could not get out from the pot. then they broke the bra

52、nches or bamboos off the trees to pick up food. in this way the delicious food would not be too hot for people to enjoy. as a result, the branches developed into chopsticks. in neolithic times, the cookers were earthen and the chopsticks were made of branches of trees or bamboos. in xia, shang and z

53、hou dynasties, bronze utensils which were thin and delicate came into being. ivory chopsticks and jade chopsticks emerged. in spring and autumn period and warring states period, iron utensils in some economically developed areas emerged, which were more advanced than bronze utensils. then in qin, ha

54、n and wei dynasties people began to use the exquisite wooden lacquer chopsticks to eat and the utensils were from thick and heavy to thin and light. until tang, five dynasties, song, jin and yuan dynasties, ceramic tablewares replaced other utensils in peoples daily life. at the same time, the gold

55、chopsticks and silver chopsticks stood out and used by those rich people. nowadays, we can use varieties of exquisite tablewares. it happens that the history of tablewares in china can go back to several thousand years ago. no matter what types, shapes, materials or manufacturing techniques are, tab

56、lewares have experienced great changes which are from single, simple to diverse and delicate.3.2 development history of tableware culture in western countriesin western countries, the main tablewares are knives, forks and spoons. only after people use knife to cut the meat then can they use the fork

57、 to eat. hereby, knife and fork are always mentioned in the same breath. knife and fork are the result of development history of western tablewares. according to cai degui, although westerners eat by knife and fork, they had no knife and fork initially and then they used the two-pronged forks which spread from italy to england and had been whittled by wood chips (28). cai degui also tells us that in view of the research of professor you xiuling, strictly speaking, knives are not tablewares at the beginning, but the knife can be used to slay, dissect and cut the quarry or meat,