不定式和动名词

1、不定式和动名词不定式和动名词做主语和主语补语不定式和动名词都可以做主语，有时没有显著的区别。Reading/To read widely is essential to language learning.大量阅读对语言学习十分重要。指具体的事，特别是未来的动作，多用不定式。To ignore his advice would be a mistake忽视他的劝告是错误的。表示抽象的一般的动作，多用动名词。Selling insurance is a pretty boring job.推销保险单是件十分令人厌烦的工作。注意：如句中的补语用了动名词，主语也用动名词，补语用了不定式，主语也要不定

2、式。To know her is to like her. 一旦熟悉了她，就会喜欢她。不定式短语作主语时，常常置于句末，在句首用先行词it.It surprised me to hear she was leaving.听到她要走，我很惊讶。动名词短语作主语时，多置于句首，但有时也可用先行词主语it。It is foolish behaving like that. 那样的行为很愚蠢。注意：在it is no good/use, it is a waste of time/effort, it is worthwhile等结构中，后面通常要用动名词短语。Its no good hoping f

3、or their help.盼望他们的帮助没有用。许多形容词已经名词化了，它们像其他名词一样可以被限定词，形容词或另一个名词所修饰。Does slow talking point to slow mental development. 说话慢意味着智力发展迟缓吗？Cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health. 吸烟有害健康。注意：动名词带有冠词后，不能再直接跟宾语。可以说the writing of the letter,不可说the writing the letter.某些动名词短语可在there be 结构中作主语。要记住这类结构只用于否定句

4、。There is no denying that he is right.不定式和动名词短语都可以在系动词后作补语，使用情况与作主语时一样。The important thing is to save/saving lives.要紧的是救人。一般说来。提及某人的建议、意愿、目的等时，多用不定式。Her wish is to become a pop singer.她的愿望是成为流行歌曲歌手。抽象地表示某种行为，如在answer, concern, danger, difficulty, habit, mistake,等后，多用动名词。 One of his bad habits is bit

5、ing his nails.他的坏习惯之一是咬指甲。不定式作补语的时候，如果主语部分是含有动词do的从句，不定式可以不带to.What it does is (to) cool the engine.它的作用是使发动机冷却。The thing to do now is (to) clear up the mess. 现在要做的事是把脏东西清理掉。只与不定式连用或只与动名词连用的动词不定式和动名词短语都可以作动词的宾语。但有的动词后要求由不定式短语作宾语。如：ache, agree, aim, attempt, ask, appear, arrange, afford, beg, be said

6、, be reported, be supposed, claim, care, consent, decide, demand, desire, deserve, dare, expect, endeavor, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, need, neglect, offer, pledge, promise, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, require, resolve, strive, seem, swear, tend, threaten, venture, volunte

7、er, want, wish, wait, 等。Would you care to visit us this weekend?你愿意本周末到我们这儿来玩吗？ He chose not to go home until later.他决定晚点回家。The manager desires to see you.经理希望见你。He often helps (to) do the washing-up after supper. 他晚饭后常帮着洗碗碟。有些动词后跟不定式时，不定式之前需使用疑问代词或疑问副词，如：how, when, why, where, whether, which等。这些动词主

8、要有：ask, know, wonder, consider, discover, discuss, explain, find out, guess, inquire, observe, advise, decide, forget, learn, remember, settle, think等。The old man forgot which way to take after he left the shop.有的动词只能和动名词连用。常见的有：acknowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, anticipate, appreciate, av

9、oid, cant help, cant stand, commence, complete, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, explain, fancy, finish, forbid, forgive, give up, imagine, keep (on), leave off, mention, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, put off, quit, recall, recollect, recommend,

10、resent, resist, risk, stand, stop, suggest等。My mother dislikes seeing you with me.我母亲不喜欢看到你和我在一起。We dont allow smoking in our house.在我们家里不许吸烟。He could hardly resist laughing.他忍不住要笑出来。Fancy never having seen the sea!竟然从没见过大海！某些感官动词与使役动词后跟不定式时，不定式前面的to应省略。这些感官动词主要有feel, hear, notice, perceive, see, sm

11、ell, watch, listen to 等；使役动词主要有have, make, let等，help后面可跟带to的不定式，也可以省略不定式to.Did you notice him go into the red car beside the bookstore?谓语动词是被动语态, 不定式to不可以省略.The workers are seen to make machines.不及物动词常与一些表示运动或休闲的词如angling, boating, bowing, canoeing, caravanning, mountaineering, sightseeing, surfing,

12、 yachting, 等shopping连用表示进行某项活动。We go boating on the lake every weekend.我们每个周末都到湖上划船。I went shopping today in town.我今天进城去买东西了。而动词burst into 则可与crying, laughing, singing 等连用。They burst into laughing.他们突然哈哈大笑。Without warning she burst into crying.她突然哭了起来。stop作不及物动词时可与不定式连用作状语，意思是“停下来做另一件事”。比较：He stoppe

13、d smoking on his doctors advice.Every hour he stopped to smoke a cigarette.具有被动意义的动名词少数动名词用在表示“需要”含义的动词need, require, want后作宾语时，具有被动的意思。换句话说，它们与句子主语有动宾关系。The house needs cleaning.(=to be cleaned). 屋子需要打扫了。He will need looking after.（= to be looked after). 他需要有人照顾。Your car wants serving. (=to be serv

14、iced).你的汽车需要检修。另外，在be worth 后也有相似的用法。Its an idea thats worth considering.那是个值得考虑的意见。Is that museum worth visiting?那个博物馆值得参观吗？注意它与it is worth 结构区别，后者动名词没有被动意义，及物动词后有自己的宾语。Shes not worth getting angry with .不值得对他生气。既可与不定式又可以与动名词连用的动词动词如attempt, cease, continue, decline, deserve, fear, intend, neglect等

15、动词可接不定式或动名词短语，意思常没有多少区别。Dont neglect writing/to write to your mother.别忘了给你母亲写信。prefer的通常用法是prefer one thing to another, 后接动名词。I prefer doing things to reading books.我比较喜欢干活，不大喜欢看书。它的另一结构是与 (rather) than 连用，此时要接不定式。I should prefer to stay at home rather than go out in this weather.在这种天气我宁愿呆在家里，不愿出去。用

16、不定式还是用动名词有的动词后跟不定式和动名词，在用法或意义上是有区别的。例如：动词remember, forget 和 regret 后接动名词表示这个动作发生在主要动词既remember 等之前。接不定式表示这个动作与 remember 等同时发生或发生在其之后。注意：如果强调动作结果，动名词可用完成式。I dont remember saying/having said that.我不记得曾经说过那件事。Remember to go to the post office, wont you? 请记住要到邮局去。Ill never forget meeting you for the fir

17、st time.我永远不会忘记和你初次见面的情景。Dont forget to phone me tomorrow!不要忘记明天给我打电话！I regret selling/having sold the house.我后悔不该卖掉那座房子。I regret to say that you were mistaken.很遗憾，你错了。动词 try 后接动名词是试一试做某事看有什么结果。He tried skiing but never liked it.他试过滑雪，但从来没有喜欢上它。接不定式的意思是作一番努力试图做某事。You should try to answer all the que

18、stions.你应当尽量回答所以的问题。用于祈使句或与情态动词时，try 后也可用and 和另一个动词原形，意思不变。但这种用法只限于动词原形。Ill try and come early.我尽量早点来。动词mean 后接动名词表示可能造成或导致某种结构。This new order will mean working overtime.这一新订单意味着要加班加点。接不定式表示目的或打算。I dont mean to hurt you. 我没有故意要伤害你。短语动词go on 后接动名词意思是继续做一直在做的事。You cant go on working without a break.你不

19、能不停地工作而不休息。接不定式表示动作的变化，既改做另一件事情。Having mentioned the main problem, he went on to talk of other, less important matters.提了主要问题后，他接着谈起其他较次要的事情。介词后的不定式与动名词短语介词后通常不可接不定式短语，except 和but 是例外。It had no effect except to make him angry.这除了惹他生气外，没有别的效果。He had no choice but to resign.他除了辞职别无选择。注意：当这些介词之前的主要动词为d

20、o 的时候，其后的不定式一般不带to.She can do anything except cook.她什么都会，就是不会做饭。What can we do but sit and wait?我们除了坐等外，还能做什么呢？在there is nothing to do but 结构后，不定式也往往不带to.There was nothing to do but (to) wait till he came back. 除了等他回来，别无办法。注意：当不定式与wh-词或whether连用时，常常用作介词的宾语。We were talking about what to do next.我们在讨论

21、下一步该怎么办。They failed to agree on whether or not to do that.是否那样做他们未达成一致。所以的介词后都可以用动名词作它的宾语。Hes always thinking about moving to the countryside.他一直在考虑搬到农村去住。在某些句型中，动名词前，介词 in 通常可以省略。在动词spend (money, time)后。He spent a lot of time explaining his plan.他花了很多时间解释他的计划。在 have difficulty/trouble 等结构后。I have t

22、he greatest difficulty persuading her. 我为了说服她，费了很大的劲。此外，在用作形容词或动词的 busy 后也直接跟动名词。He pretended to busy himself writing.他假装正忙着写东西。在there is no sense/point 后通常用in + 动名词，但在there is no point 后的 in 有时可省略。There is no point talking about it again.再谈这件事没有意义。区别不定式符号 to 与介词 to注意区分不定式符号 to与介词 to。常见的要求用“to + 动名词

23、”的例子有：admit to（承认）, amount to（共计）, come to (涉及到), confess to（承认，坦白）, get to (开始做某事), object to（反对）, resort to（采取，求助于）, revert to（回归，归还）, swear to(肯定), take to, witness to（证明）等。He finally confessed to having stolen the car. 他终于招认偷了汽车。Johns taken to drinking a lot.约翰已酗酒成瘾。feel up to, get down to, get

24、round to, go (very) near to, look forward to等。Im looking forward to hearing from you.我期待着收到你的信。Laura has a cold and doesnt feel up to working today.劳拉得了感冒，觉得今天不宜工作。be devoted to, be given to, be reconciled to, be reduced to, be resigned to, be/get used to等。Children are given to asking questions.小孩子爱

25、问问题。He is resigned to losing the competition.他只好承认比赛失败的事实。averse to, deaf to, equal to, preferable to等。Bill is quite equal to running the office.比尔有足够的能力管理这个部门。He found country life preferable to living in the city. 他感到在农村生活比在城市生活要好些。注意有的词之后也可不用介词 to。He admitted (to) taking bribes.他承认接受过贿赂。有的词之后既可接“

26、to + 动名词”，也可接不定式。Im not accustomed to staying/ to stay up late. 我习惯于晚睡。有的词之后接“ to + 动名词” 与接不定式意思不同。比较：Youve sworn to be faithful to me.你曾起誓要忠于我。I couldnt swear to having seen him.我不能断言见到过他。有的词之后通常接 to 加带代词或限定词的动名词，不然就接不定式。比较：She wont consent to him/his staying out late.她不容许他呆在外面太晚。She finally consen

27、ted to go with us.她终于同意与我们一块走。不定式和动名词短语前加动作的施行者不定式短语前可加由 for 引起的介词短语，表示动作由谁做的。先行主语 it 连用的某些形容词后面。常见的形容词是： 表示重要性和迫切性的，如：essential, important, necessary, useless等。Its essential for the rooms to have plenty of light. 房间的光线要充足，这是很必要的。表示可能性与难易程度的，如：hard, impossible, impractical, possible等。Its hard for ol

28、d people to change their ways. 老年人很难改变自己的习惯。表示常见程度的，如：common, natural, normal, rare, unusual 等。Its just natural for her to get nervous.她感到紧张是很自然的。在以idea, plan, suggestion, thing 等作主语的句子中，可用 for 结构作补语。The simplest thing is for him to resign at once. 最简单的做法是他立即辞职。少数动词如arrange, take, suit等后可用这一结构作宾语。I

29、have arranged for a car to meet you at the airport.我已准备一辆汽车去机场接你。注意 “形容词 + of ” 结构, 它用来对某种行为作出判断或评论。句子主语通常为 it ,由of 引出不定式动作的施行者。It was kind of you to visit me when I was ill.谢谢你在我生病时来看我。It was sensible of you to lock the door.你把门锁上了，做得对。可这样用的通常表示是一些表示性格特征和行为表现的形容词。最常见的有：bold, brave, careless, clever

30、, silly, considerate, generous, good, kind, nice, rude, sensible, stupid, thoughtful, wise, wrong等。动名词短语前可直接加代词或名词，指出动作是由谁做的。动名词短语作句子主语时，通常由物主限定词或带“ s ” 的名词引导。Do you think my going there will be of any help?你认为我去那里有用吗？The dogs barking alerted me.狗的犬叫引起了我的警觉。动名词短语作动词或介词的宾语时，在正式文体中用物主限定词，在口语中也可用代词的宾格。

31、She did not like my/me living in London.她不愿意我住在伦敦。What do you reckon on the prospects of his / him being re-elected?你估计他再次当选的机会有多大？而普通名词（甚至专用名词）则往往不用词尾“ s ”。I dreamed my parents finding out I lied.我害怕父母发现我说了谎。I objected to the car being left there.我反对把汽车留在那里。这些原则并不是绝对的，需要我们通过练习多加观察。在正式文体中，有时可在名词后用“介

32、词 + which / whom + 动词不定式”结构。如 Mary needs a friend with whom to play (= to play with).玛丽需要有个朋友一起玩。Im looking for something with which to clean the carpet ( = to clean the carpet with). 我在找个东西清洁地毯。不定式短语表示目的和结果不定式短语常用来表示目的和理由，可放在句首和句末。They huddled together to keep warm.他们挤在一起取暖。To conceal her emotion,

33、she buried her face in her hands.为了掩盖她的激动情绪，她用手捂住脸。它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，不然就要在其前加 for 短语。For the plants to do well we must water them. 要让花草长好必须给它们浇水。为了加强语气，不定式前可加in order或so as, 但so as 结构不能用于句首。In order to have time to pack, he got up early.为了有时间准备行装，他早早起床。注意，单纯的不定式作目的状语不能用否定式，若表示否定要用in order not to或so as n

34、ot to 结构。We started early in order not to miss the first train. 我们早早出发以免耽误第一班火车。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.进去轻一点，不要把孩子吵醒。不定式短语偶尔也表示原因： We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到这消息我们高兴得跳了起来。 She trembled to think of it. 她一想起那件事就不寒而栗。不定式还可表示结果，通常用于句子的末尾。Youll live to see many changes.你将活着看

35、到很多变迁。What have I done to make you so angry?我做了什么使你那样生气？注意，only与不定式连用常表示一种意外的，令人失望的结果。在这一结果前往往要加一逗号。She opened the parcel excitedly, only to find it empty. 她激动地打开包裹，却发现竟是空的。偶尔, so as to 也可以表示结果，前面通常用逗号。The day was dark, so as to make a good photo hard to get.天黑了，很难拍好照。不定式短语也可以作为句子状语，由逗号同句子的其余部分隔开，用以

36、表示说话人的态度。To begin with, I dont like the color.首先，我不喜欢它的颜色。I dont really know, to be honest.说实话，我真的不知道。注意在not to mention, not to say一类结构中，不定式总是带not.The dampness is unpleasant, not to mention the cold.那潮湿令人不舒服，更别说寒冷了。tooto, enoughto, 和 so/suchas to在too与不定式短语连用时不定式的意思是否定的。Its too late for the bar to be

37、 open.太晚了，酒吧不会营业了。He was too much in a hurry to talk with her.他有急事，不能和他谈话。但only tooto的意思完全不同，它表示乐意做某事。She was only too glad to hush the matter up. 她巴不得将事情掩盖起来。enough与形容词或副词连用时，要置于形容词或副词之后。The water is warm enough for us to swim.水够暖和，我们可以游泳。 I wish youd write clearly enough for us to read. 但愿你写得清楚点，我

38、们好看明白。enough可放在名词前作修饰语，在正式语体中有时可放在名词后。Have you got enough room/room enough to seat all of us?你这儿坐得下我们所有这些人吗？注意，enough还可以单独作主语补语。Will5 be enough to meet your needs?5美元够你用了吗？so可以修饰形容词或副词，后接 as + 动词不定式，表示”如此以致“。How could you be so stupid as to believe him? 你怎么这样笨，竟相信他的话？有时可将 so与被它修饰的形容词或副词移至句首，其后用倒装语序。

39、So loudly did she shout as to make everyone turn to her.她叫的那么大声，人人都回过头来看她。 so还可以单独作副词，置于动词后。She arranged them so as to let everybody see them clearly.她将它们摆好，使人人都能看得清楚。类似的结构还有suchas to, such后接名词或名词性短语。You cant have done such a dreadful thing as to get me into trouble?你不至于会做那种可怕的事而给我惹麻烦吧？注意，当它修饰单数名词时，

40、要置于不定冠词 a 或 an 的前面。such还可以在系动词后作补语。The pain in her foot wasnt such as to stop her walking.她的脚疼，但还不至于不能走路。不定式和动名词综合练习1. What youve just heard was an interview recorded during _ .A. making of his film B. the making of his filmC. making his filmD. the making his film2. Having discussed the first item o

41、n the agenda at great length, the committee went on _ the remainder.A. dealing briefly with B. for dealing briefly withC. to deal briefly with D. deal briefly with3. There are two things in this newspaper that are worth _ - the TV listings and the sports page.A. to read B. to be readC. reading D. be

42、ing read4. The policeman couldnt swear _ the accused man at the scene of the crime.A. to having seen B. to have seenC. having seen D. so as to seen5. Hes a good person _ if ever youre in a tough time.A. to be with him B. to be withC. just to be with him D. in order to be with6. If a war breaks out i

43、n Eastern Europe _ how many thousands of people might be killed.A. theres not to know B. theres not knownC. theres not to be knownD. theres no knowing7. Michael had an elaborate excuse for being late for their date, but Sandy didnt know _ it or not.A. whether believe B. whether believingC. whether t

44、o believeD. whether should believe8. Investors must be careful _ with worthless shares from the large number of companies that are going bankrupt.A. not to be left B. not being leftC. not to leave D. of not being left 9. I think it is very enterprising _ and start up a business like that.A. for them

45、 to try B. of them to tryC. for their trying D. of their trying10. Do you anticipate _any real problem in getting support?A. there being B. there to beC. theres being D. there be11. The country must step up the construction of the deep ports required_.A. of unloading oil tankersB. for unloading of o

46、il tankersC. of the unloading oil tankersD. for the unloading of oil tankers12. Youll have a hard time _ her to lend you the car, after what happened last time.A. to persuade B. persuadingC. for you to persuade D. for your persuading13. Able-bodied people just dont realize how difficult it is _ good

47、 jobs.A. of disabled people gettingB. of disabled people to getC. for disabled people gettingD. for disabled people to get14. I know my hair needs _ , but I dont have time to go to have it cut.A. being cut B. be cutC. cutting D. to cut15. His carelessness is such _ it unlikely that he will pass the

48、examination.A. as to make B. as to makingC. so as to make D. only to make16. Many old age pensioners have no other source of income apart from their pension, and pension levels are not adequate _ .A. to live on B. to live on itC. living on D. living on it17. I dont like being forced to leave the roo

49、m to study whenever my roommate feels like _ a party.A. for having B. to haveC. having D. and have18. It was a bit of shock: I _ so much for a sandwich and a glass of beer.A. am not used to pay B. am not used to payingC. havent got used to payD. did not used to paying19. These candles may be beautif

50、ul _ , but they were not make to our current safety standard.A. to be looked at B. being looked atC. to look at D. to looked at them20. Some people complain that the costs of establishing an office are so much that only the rich can afford _ for office.A. running B. to have runC. to run D. having ru

51、n21. She was said _ a gift from him, knowing that it meant a bribe.(贿赂）A. to refuse B. to be refusedC. to have been refusedD. to have refused22. John cannot but _ his teacher to help him solve the difficult physics problem.A. to ask B. askC. asking D. asked23. My sister could do nothing else but _ b

52、ooks.A. to read B. having readC. read D. reading24. I had no choice but _ with him at that moment.A. to go B. goC. went D. have gone25. We planned _ all the information you asked for by the end of last month, but we could not find time to prepare it.A. providing B. to provideC. having provide D. to

53、have provided26. I was _ the salary to him, but I didnt have time.A. given B. to have givenC. to give D. giving27. Id like _ with him on his hike last weekend, but I was so busy.A. going B. to goC. having gone D. to have gone28. At present, the need _ a foreign language is becoming greater and great

54、er.A. to have learned B. learningC. to learn D. having learned29. The girl doesnt allow _ in her drawing-room. She doesnt allow her family _ at all.A. to smokesmokingB. to smoketo smokeC. smokingto smokeD. smoking smoking 30. Its no good _ persuade her out of these worries.A. to try to B. to have tried toC. trying to D. having tried to31. Professional people appreciate _ when it is necessary to cancel an appointment .A. you to call them B. you calling themC. for you to call them D. for you calling them32. If I had remembered _ the window, the thief would not have go