考研英语翻译必备练习Word版

1、传播优秀Word版文档 ，希望对您有帮助，可双击去除！翻译（9.16） 一、英语长句的分析一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。 在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。 例 1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in a

2、n environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 分析: (1) 该句的主语为 谓语为 (2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等例 2. For a family of four, for example, it is more conven

3、ient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. 分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more to do sth than to do sth else. 是一个？结构 (2) 句首的for a family of four作？二、长句的翻译 英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。因此,

4、 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。 （一）、顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例如: 例 1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditione

5、d. 例 2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.五个谓语结构, 表达了四个层次的意义: A. 可是现在人们意识到; B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C.

6、人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。 例 3. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to

7、numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。 例 4. This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moistu

8、re be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?” 这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?” 例 5. It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in th

9、e variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of mans life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being. 我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事

10、件感到孩童般的兴趣; 其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。 例 6. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuabl

11、e powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。 （二）、逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,

12、甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。例如: 例 1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. 分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到 19 世纪才被人发现”是主句,

13、 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成: 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。 例 2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if

14、students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “变得越来越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A. 变的越来越重要; B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C. 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成: 因此

15、, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。 例 3. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learningEnglish seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the languagehave been understood. 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句

16、型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。 例 4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. 对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验

17、到技术进步之害的是穷人。 例 5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知

18、识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。 例 6. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。 例 7. Insects would make it impossible for

19、 us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. 假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。 (三)、分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要

20、适当增加词语。例如:例 1. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four. 上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成: 没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。 这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为: 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。 例 2. Television, it is often said, keep

21、s one informed about current events, allow one to follow latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which areboth instructive and entertaining.分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按汉

22、语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果为: 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。 下面我们再举一个例子: 例 3. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. (85年考题) 他们所必须做的

23、只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。 例 4. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the

24、 universe. 虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。 (四) 、综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如: 例

25、1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. 分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C 表示原因, 而 A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如

26、下的安排: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。 下面我们再举几个例子: 例 2. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. 对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的

27、事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。 例 3. Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home becauseshe resents her husbands treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would needmoney to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive. 易

28、卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。 例 4. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, governm

29、ent, and pleasure in the centers of the cities. 到目前为止, 经历了 18 和 19 两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。考研英语翻译中一些常用的结构及其翻译 all but：几乎，差不多 as anything：非常地 anything but：根本不 apart from：除了 but for：要不是 by far：远不，得多 by no means：根本不 by any means：无论如何 due to：由于 except for：除了 far from：

30、远非 in contact with：与联系 instead of：而不是 on account of：因为 on the basis of：根据 only to：结果是 might/may as well：还是的好 not so muchas：与其说不如说 not really：远不 not to mention：更不用说 let alone：更不用说 no morethan：和一样都不 no less than：简直是 nothing less than：完全是 cannottoo：再也不过分 rather than：而不是 owing to：由于 It is assumed that：人

31、们认为 It is said that：据说 It is learned that：据闻 It is supposed that：据推测 It is considered that：据估计 It is believed that：人们认为 It is reported that：据报道 It is well-known that：众所周知 It is asserted that：有人断言 It is clear/obvious/evident that：很显然 It cant be denied that：不可否认 It must be admitted that：必须承认 It must b

32、e pointed that：必须指出考研英语长难句 1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同）2. 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。 难句类型：倒装、省略 a本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which max

33、imizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize 的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall w

34、ill have中， an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词 that 可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个 the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分 that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an indiv

35、idual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 2. （This is）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower

36、.(5+) 难句类型：复杂+倒装+省略; （这是一种）照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a ligh

37、t，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality 之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give

38、way to B，是A让位于 B，而A be given way to B， 则是A取代 B。on the part of 之后的部 分修饰后面的 desire，what 引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What 从句中的不定式 to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。 大宝考研版权所有，拒D、 就算能

39、够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望（新冲动），前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。 意群训练：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and

40、concretely the structure and texture of a flower . 3. Hardys weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. （3）难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词 译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那

41、结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。 解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前， 省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是 derived from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。 意群训练：Hardys weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent

42、 impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones. 4. Virginia Woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from th

43、e traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5） 难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词 译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作黛洛维夫人（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这

44、一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。 解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since 引导的原因状语从句较难。 A、 since 之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分，一个是of her literary interests， 另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the traditional pict

45、ure of the poetic novelist，都是修饰an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist. B、 句中有两处省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from 当中，修饰interests的定语从句中引导词be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后，由于concerned with与前面的concerned with 重复，所以 concerned被省略。 C、 本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是

46、文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。 意群训练：Virginia Woolfs provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist concerned with examining stat

47、es of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are

48、 absorbing morality at every pore .” （5-） 抽象词、抽象词组、比喻 就像她在致普通读者一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德” 这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。 意群训练：As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a

49、 single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .” 6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnera

50、ble to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis （4+） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词 译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回

51、肌肉中重新合成糖原 。 解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难；leaving 引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个 via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的， lactic acid, metabo

52、lism 和 muscle 这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而 glycogen 这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，GRE 和 GMAT 文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。 意群训练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to atta

53、ck until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis . 7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slavespreference，revealed most clearly on plan

54、tations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+） 难句类型：插入语 译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。解释：本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅

55、读的困难。 意群训练： Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent， he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. 8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the tr

56、ansmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的

57、黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。 解释：由that 引导的宾语从句中，encouraged的宾语the transmission of the Black heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so 分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的black heritage的同位语。 意群训练：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged th

58、e transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests，may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+） 难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语 译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱