U1P3Grammar定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1、 The Restrictive and Non- Restrictive Attributive ClausesUnit 1 GrammarLearning aims1.Review the usages of Restrictive Clause.2.Learn the usages of Non-Restrictive Clause.3.Distiguish the differences between Restrictive Clause and Non-Restrictive Clause .Preview task1.定语从句定语从句2.先行词先行词3.关系词关系词1. 定语从句

2、：定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从修饰某一名词或代词的从 句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在 它所修饰的先行词之后。它所修饰的先行词之后。2. 先行词：先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行被定语从句修饰的词叫先行 词。词。定语从句定语从句3. 关系词：关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词有关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有等；关系副词有when, where, why等。等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用：关系词通常有下列三个

3、作用： A. 引导定语从句；引导定语从句； B. 代替先行词；代替先行词； C. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。在定语从句中担当一个成分。 定语从句定语从句The teacher told me that Tom was the onlyperson that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。 His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句Restrict

4、ive Attributive Clause非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Non-restrictive Attributive Clause Can you tell the difference between restrictive and non-restrictive clauses?限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句都是限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句都是修饰名词和代词的一种从句，两者虽然性修饰名词和代词的一种从句，两者虽然性质相同，但在意义上和用法上有许多不质相同，但在意义上和用法上有许多不同。同。 1. 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可 缺少

5、的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就 不完整或失去意义。这种定语从句和主不完整或失去意义。这种定语从句和主 句的关系十分密切，书写时不用逗号分句的关系十分密切，书写时不用逗号分 开。开。例如：例如： I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。 He has found the hammer that he was looking for.他找到了他正在寻找的那把锤子。他找到了他正在寻找的那把锤子。 2. 非限制性定语从句同主句的关系不十非限制性定

6、语从句同主句的关系不十 分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充 的说明，不起限制的作用，如果省的说明，不起限制的作用，如果省 去，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。非限去，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。非限 制性定语从句仅仅是对意思已经相当制性定语从句仅仅是对意思已经相当 明确的先行词加以补充说明，不起限明确的先行词加以补充说明，不起限 制的作用。这类定语从句在书写时大制的作用。这类定语从句在书写时大 多用逗号与主句分开。多用逗号与主句分开。例如：例如： Last week I met John, who seemed to be very excited.上星期我见到了约翰，他好像

7、很兴奋。上星期我见到了约翰，他好像很兴奋。 The project, which lasted two years, cost five million dollars. 这项工程历时两年，耗资五百万美元。这项工程历时两年，耗资五百万美元。 3. 非限制性定语从句对所谈及的人或事非限制性定语从句对所谈及的人或事 物只提供进一步的说明或解释，它形物只提供进一步的说明或解释，它形 式上是一个从句，但在功能上相当于式上是一个从句，但在功能上相当于 一个分句，在意义上相当于一个状一个分句，在意义上相当于一个状 语，故可根据其句意改为并列句或状语，故可根据其句意改为并列句或状 语从句。语从句。例如：例如

8、： The meeting, which was held in the park, was attended by 1000 people. The meeting was attended by 1000 people,and it was held in the park. 那次会议有一千人参加那次会议有一千人参加, 它是在公园里举行它是在公园里举行的。的。 I dont like the boy, who is very lazy. I dont like the boy, since he is very lazy.我不喜欢这个男孩我不喜欢这个男孩, (因为因为)他太懒惰了。他太懒惰

9、了。 4. 关系代词关系代词 who, whom, which 在限制在限制 性定语从句中作动词的宾语时往往可以性定语从句中作动词的宾语时往往可以 省略，但在非限制性定语从句中不能省省略，但在非限制性定语从句中不能省 略。值得注意的是，关系代词略。值得注意的是，关系代词 that 可引可引 导限制性定语从句，但一般不可引导非导限制性定语从句，但一般不可引导非 限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句。例如：例如： I know the man (whom) you mean. 我认识你指的那个人。我认识你指的那个人。 I happened to meet Li Hong, whom I didnt re

10、cognize at once. 我碰巧遇到李红，但并没有马上认出她来。我碰巧遇到李红，但并没有马上认出她来。 These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。果实。(不可将不可将 which 改为改为 that) 5. 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制的作限制性定语从句对先行词起限制的作 用，非限制性定语从句对先行词起补用，非限制性定语从句对先行词起补 充说明的作用，故两者的意义往往有充说明的作用，故两者的意义往往

11、有 别。别。例如：例如： His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. 他的哥哥是个解放军战士，现今十八岁。他的哥哥是个解放军战士，现今十八岁。(说明他只有一个哥哥说明他只有一个哥哥) His brother who is eighteen years old is a PLA man. 他那个十八岁的哥哥是位解放军。他那个十八岁的哥哥是位解放军。(说明他还有别的哥哥说明他还有别的哥哥) All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written

12、by him.那里所有的书都是他写的那里所有的书都是他写的, 书里附有漂亮书里附有漂亮的插图。的插图。(说明那里没有除他以外的人写的书说明那里没有除他以外的人写的书) All the books there which have beautiful pictures in them were written by him. 那里所有附插图的书都是他写的。那里所有附插图的书都是他写的。(暗示没有附插图的书不是他写的暗示没有附插图的书不是他写的) 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点：应注意以下几点：一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that 引导。引导。1.

13、I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。 2. I like the book which/that was bought yesterday. 我喜欢昨天买的那本书。我喜欢昨天买的那本书。 二、非限制性定语从句不能用二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导引导, 要用要用for which代替代替why。1. I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有我已经把理由告诉了

14、他们，为此我没有 去开会。去开会。 2. I had told them the reason why I didnt attend the meeting. 我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。 (限制性定语从句限制性定语从句“the reason why.”是是常见搭配。常见搭配。) 三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不 能用能用which引导。关系代词引导。关系代词as引导非引导非 限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以 放主句前，也可以放主句后。放主句前，也可以放主句后。1. As I expected,

15、 he didnt believe me. 正如我所预料的，他不相信我。正如我所预料的，他不相信我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都 提到嗓子眼了。提到嗓子眼了。 四、非限制性定语从句由四、非限制性定语从句由“介词介词+关系代关系代 词词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用引导时，其中的关系代词不能用 as。1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his

16、 father was angry. 他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对 此很生气。此很生气。 2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看了一我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看了一 会儿报纸。会儿报纸。 五、在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关五、在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关 系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom; 不能用不能用who替换，也不能省略。替换，也不能省略。1. Do

17、 you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你认识汤姆吗你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。我们谈到过他。 2. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料，这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料， 它在任何一家书店都能买到。它在任何一家书店都能买到。 (非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语，无论指人还是指物都不能省略。宾语，无论指人还是指物都不能省略。) 六、六、whic

18、h可指前面整个句子。可指前面整个句子。The sun sends out light and heat, which makes it possible for living things to exist on the earth.太阳发出光和热，这使得生物能够在地球太阳发出光和热，这使得生物能够在地球上生存。上生存。which可代替句子可代替句子, 用于非限定性定语从用于非限定性定语从句句, 而而what不可。不可。that不能用于非限定性不能用于非限定性定语从句定语从句, it不为连词不为连词, 使由逗号连接的两使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。个句子并在一起在英语语法上

19、行不通。 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性限制性定语从句定语从句 非限制性非限制性定语从句定语从句 形式上形式上 不用逗号不用逗号“ ，”与主句隔开。与主句隔开。用逗号用逗号“ ，”与主句隔开。与主句隔开。 意义上意义上 是先行词不可缺是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删少的定语，如删除，主句则失去除，主句则失去意义或意思表达意义或意思表达不完整。不完整。 只是对先行词的只是对先行词的补充说明，如删补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。达完整的意思。 限制性限制性定语从句定语从句 非限制性非限制性定语从句定语从句 译法上译法上 译成先

20、行词的定译成先行词的定语：语：“的的 ” 通常译成主句通常译成主句的并列句的并列句 关系词的关系词的使用上使用上 1. 作宾语时可作宾语时可省略省略1. 不可省略不可省略 2. 可用可用that 2. 不用不用that 3. 可用可用who 代代替替whom 3. 不可用不可用who 代替代替whom 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别1. Yesterday Mr. Li finally bought his own house, _ is a hospital. A. in where B. to the east of which C. to t

21、he east of it D. in the east of that 2. My brothers purse, _ he put ￥1,000, was missing on the bus. A. there B. which C. in which D. that 单选单选3. The football match _ the students competed yesterday was very wonderful. A. in which B. which C. in that D. that4. The reason _ he was late again was that

22、he was caught in a traffic jam in the rush hour. A. which B. in which C. for which D. of which 5. His glasses, _ he could see nothing, was taken away by a naughty boy. A. which B. without which C. with which D. without those 6. The computer, _ he paid ￥3,000, was once owned by his uncle. A. which B.

23、 for which C. that D. to that 7. Mary has two brothers, _ are doctors. A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. whom of both 8. The problem _ you argued about yesterday has been solved. A. that B. what C. why D. for which 9. On the way home I met my friend John, from _ home the thief had s

24、tolen a computer. A. whom B. which C. that D. whose 10. At last we found the hole in the wall _ the mouse got into the house last night. A. in which B. which C. through which D. by which 1. Here are the farmers. They discovered the underground city last month.合并下列句子。合并下列句子。2. She got so angry. I don

25、t know the reason.Here are the farmers who discovered the underground city last month.I dont know the reason why she got so angry. 3. St Petersburg is a very beautiful city. It was once called Leningrad.4. I remember the soldier. He told me not to tell anyone what I had seen.St Petersburg is a very

26、beautiful city, which was once called Leningrad.I remember the soldier, who told me not to tell anyone what I had seen.5. The soldiers moved the boxes to a mine. They wanted to hide them.6. Xian is one of the few cities with walls. Its walls remain as good as before.Xian is one of the few cities in

27、which/where walls remain as good as before.The soldiers moved the boxes to a mine, where they wanted to hide them.7. The old man saw some Germans taking apart the Amber Room and removing it. You are talking to an old man.The old man (who / whom / that) you are talking to saw some Germans takingapart the Amber Room and removing it.1. What surprised me was not what he said but the way _ he said it.2. Were just tr