L01 Basic Knowledge of Translation

1、覃江华覃江华Course DescriptionObjectives: Basic ideas, skills & methods of translation Contrastive studies of E & C language and cultureTeaching Plan:Requirements：Be active in classHand in your assignments on timeEvaluation： Class participation & presentation 30% Textual translation practice 20% Final exa

2、mination, 50%推荐教材推荐教材 翻译技巧类翻译技巧类： 陈德彰：英汉翻译入门，外语教学与研究出版社，2012年第2版。 连淑能：英译汉教程，高等教育出版社，2006年版。 杨元刚：新编汉英实用翻译教程，华中师范大学出版社，2012年版。 翻译理论类翻译理论类： 谢天振：当代国外翻译理论导读，南开大学出版社，2008年版。 刘军平、覃江华：西方翻译理论名著选读，武汉大学出版社，2012年版。Contents1. The concept of translation 翻译的概念和性质2. The classification of translation 翻译的分类3. The cri

3、teria of translation 翻译的标准“翻译”的内涵1. 朱生豪翻译翻译了罗密欧与朱丽叶 “翻译”1：the act / process of translating2. 你看过那本书的翻译翻译吗？ “翻译”2：translated text-product of translation3. 翻译翻译课需要讲一些基本的翻译翻译理论 “翻译”3：the subject/discipline 4. 林超伦是英国女王和首相的首席中文翻译翻译 “翻译”4：the translator/interpreter“Translation”的内涵1. Do make a translation

4、into French2. Two Chinese translations of Hamlet3. Errors in translation4. Michael is our translation teacher 5. Toms translation to another office 6. translation of foreign currency7. motion of translation (product)(product)(translating process)(course/subject/discipline)(transfer)(外币换算外币换算)(平移运动平移

5、运动)1. Concept of TranslationThe term translation itself has severalmeanings: General subject field(a discipline/an art, etc.)The product ( the text that has been translated) The process ( the act of producing translated text, otherwise known as translating)translation翻译的分类1. 按照翻译的主体主体和形式形式，可分为： 口译(i

6、nterpretation / oral ) 人工翻译(human ) 笔译(written-text) 机器翻译(machine ) 翻译的分类 交替传译 (consecutive )口 译 同声传译 (simultaneous ) 全 译 (whole text literature) 节 译 (pragmatic excerpts)笔 译 概 述 (summary) 变 译 (adapted translation) 改 写 (rewriting)翻译的分类2. 按所涉及的两种代码的性质代码的性质，Roman Jakobson将其分为:语内翻译 (intralingual transla

7、tion) ( or rewording: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language)语际翻译 (interlingual translation) (or translation proper: an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language)语符翻译 (intersemiotic translation) (or transmutation: an interpretation of verb

8、al signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign system. )语内翻译与语际翻译语内翻译与语际翻译 学而时习之，不亦悦乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？（论语学而） 上课勤于Copy，考试就会很爽！兄弟来拜码头，管他黑道白道，偷笑了啦！人家不甩你也不要很笃烂，反正标准的痞子就是这样！（陈正菁新浪潮国文） To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt, is that not after all pleasure? That friends should come

9、 to one from afar, is this not after all delightful? To remain unsoured even though ones merits are unrecognized by others, is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman? (The Analects trans. by Authur Waley)3. 按翻译的客体客体，即所译资料所译资料的性质，可分为: 小说 (fictions / novels) 诗歌 (poetry)文学翻译 (literary ) 戏剧

10、(drama) 影视字幕 (subtitles) 科技 (technical materials) 法律 (legal documents) 广告 (advertisement)实用翻译 (practical ) 政治 (political documents) 商务 (business materials) 旅游 (tourism materials)翻译的性质科学艺术手艺活动技巧传播翻译科学 The science of translation翻译艺术 The art of translation翻译研究 Translation studies翻译学 TranslatologyTry to

11、 find the synonyms/same words in the definitions (forget about the grammar) Roger T. Bell: Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. Eugene A. Nida: Translating consis

12、ts in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language messages first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style. synonyms/same words target language = receptor language source language = source language equivalences = equivalent semantic = meaning sty

13、listic = style Translation is to achieve equivalence between SL and TL in both meaning and style. He realized the “subtlety” of China s message, the gap between hot rhetorical and cool action. 他领会了中国发出信息的“微妙之处”：言辞激烈言辞激烈但行动沉着行动沉着。 Belts of parkland line three sides of the area and four large open squ

14、ares of lawn and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. 该地区三面与公园带相连，四大开阔的广场有草坪有树木，打破了城市建筑的规律性。 城区三面绿地绿地环绕，四大广场草坪开阔，碧草绿树掩映碧草绿树掩映，打破了打破了城区建筑的单一单一布局布局。 Christiane Nord: Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is speci

15、fied according to the intended or demanded function of the target text. Peter Newmark: (translating) is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.Same wordstext = textintended = intended2. Translation requires the consideration of the intension or

16、function of the source text (ST) and target text (TT). “I beg your pardon,” said Alice very humbly, “you had got to the fifth bend, I think.”“I had not!” cried the mouse, sharply and very angrily.“A knot?” said Alice, always ready to make herself useful, and looking anxiously about her. “Oh, do let

17、me help you to undo it!” (Lewis Carroll: Alices Adventures in Wonderland )【译文1】“请原谅，”阿丽思很恭顺地说，“我想你是讲到第五个拐弯的地方吧？”“我还没讲到！”耗子生气地尖声说道。“打了一个结！”阿丽思说，她总是乐于帮助别人，所以焦急地看着周围。“啊，让我帮你把它解开！”（陈复厣）【译文2】“对不住，对不住。你说到了第五个弯弯儿嘞，不是吗？” 那老鼠很凶狠怒道：“我还没有到。” 阿丽思道：“你没有刀吗？让我给你找一把罢！”（赵元任）Gideon Toury: a translation is taken to be

18、 any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds.吕吕 俊俊：翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，其本质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。沈苏儒沈苏儒：翻译是把具有某一文化背景的发送者用某种语言（文字）所表述的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另外一种语言（文字）、具有另外一种文化背景的接受者。synonyms culture = 文化文化 文化背景文化背景3. Translation is cross-

19、cultural communication.一贫如洗一贫如洗 vs. as poor as a church mouse （生活背景）东风送爽东风送爽 vs. Ode to the West Wind （地理环境）立交桥立交桥(远观) vs. flyover/overpass（置身其“下”） （思维方式）笔记本电脑笔记本电脑(外观) vs. laptop（computer）（功用） （价值观）Summary 1.Meaning and style equivalence2.Function awareness3.Cultural awarenessCriteria ?3. Criteria

20、of Translation3.1 Domestic ideas支谦(三国时期): “因循本质，不加文饰因循本质，不加文饰” 译经原则 （follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery）玄奘（唐朝）：“既须求真，又须喻俗既须求真，又须喻俗” (be truthful and intelligible to the populace)translating Sutra (Buddhist scriptures)严严 复复: “信、达、雅信、达、雅” （faithfullness, expressiveness,

21、 elegance / gracefulness） What do you think of Yan Fus criteria ?刘重德刘重德: : “信、达、切信、达、切” (信信于内容；达达如其分；切切合风格。）思思 果果：“信、达、贴信、达、贴”朱生豪朱生豪：“神韵说神韵说” (Romantic Charm)傅傅 雷雷：“神似说神似说” (Spirit Alikeness)（传达原作的意蕴）钱钟书钱钟书：“化境说化境说” (Sublimation)（要求译者在语言上不要“生硬牵强”，内容上“完全保存原作的风味”）许渊冲许渊冲：“三美三美”（音美、形美、意美）、 “三化三化” （等化、深化

22、、浅化）、 “三之三之” （知之、乐之、好之）3.2 Overseas IdeasA. F. Tytler (18世纪英国爱丁堡大学教授泰特勒) 提出了翻译三原则：That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. That the Translation should have

23、 all the ease of original composition. (textbook, page8)前苏联翻译家费道罗夫费道罗夫的“等值论”。 该理论认为“翻译的等值就是表达原文的思原文的思想内容想内容的完全准确性和作用上修辞上作用上修辞上与原文的完全一致。”美国翻译家尤金尤金奈达奈达（Eugene A Nida） 提出的等效论，又称动态对等说（Dynamic equivalence）或功能对等说（Functional equivalence）则是西方另一具有代表性的翻译标准理论。该理论中的动态对等系指最接近原文的自然的信息原文的自然的信息对等。其中“信息”不仅包括思想内容，而且包

24、括语言形式思想内容，而且包括语言形式。3.3 Band 8 requirements 1. 能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将将英美报刊英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语品译成英语，速度为每小时250-300个英文单词。 2. 译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。 3. 能担任一般外事活动的口译。What are the criteria for us?Faithfulness and Expressiveness(read textbook, page9-10)1

25、.Be faithful and expressive in sense and style2.Be aware of text functions3.Be aware of cultural differencesFaithfulness (忠实忠实) Should the translator be faithful to what / whom? The original work or the original author? The content of the original work or the style of it? The target readers or the p

26、atron?Expressiveness (通顺通顺)通顺的最低要求最低要求是是译文的语言形式必须符合译入语的习惯，没有语法错误，不生硬牵强，诘没有语法错误，不生硬牵强，诘屈聱牙屈聱牙，阅读时能知其所云。通顺的最高要求最高要求是是译文语言要具有原文语言的具有原文语言的流畅性，要以地道的译入语再现原文的内容流畅性，要以地道的译入语再现原文的内容。句子的安排，句式的选择，词语、节奏、韵律的搭配都很得当，易为译入语读者所接受易为译入语读者所接受。Translation criticism指点江山，激扬文字指点江山，激扬文字 “What do you think of the man?” “Youve

27、 stolen my question!” “你怎么看这个人？” “你偷了我的问题！” “你觉得这个人怎么样？”“我正要问你呢！”2. Your friendship over the years has meant an awful lot to me, more than I can say because Im not good at saying things like that. 流年似水，您的友情一直是我生活中不可或缺的部分。其重要性远非我的语言所能表达，我嘴笨笔拙，向不谙此道。3. “Did you say pig or fig?” said the Cat. “I said p

28、ig,” replied Alice. “你刚才是说猪还是鼠/书？”那只猫问道。 “我说的是猪。”爱丽丝说。 4. This novel was the beginning of his fame. 这本小说是他名声的开始。 这部小说使他（开始）出了名。5. The Machine is in repair. 机器在修理中。 in repair = in good repair 机器状态良好 / 机器维修得很好。 维修中 （under repair） Most people are understanding. They will surely excuse you. 大多数人都是懂得的。他们会原谅你。 大多数人是通情达理的。他们肯定会原谅你。7. 他是一位令人尊敬的教授。 He is a very respectful professor. He is a very respected/respectable professor.8. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰