爱默生简介中英文对照

1、Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生简介 -方涵琦生平简介 拉尔夫拉尔夫沃尔多沃尔多爱默生（爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson，1803年年1882年），生于波士顿。年），生于波士顿。 美国思想家、美国思想家、文学家，诗人。文学家，诗人。 爱默生是确立美国文化精神的代爱默生是确立美国文化精神的代表人物。表人物。 美国前总统林肯称他为美国前总统林肯称他为“美国的孔子美国的孔子”、“美国文明之父美国文明之父”。1803年年5月月6日出生于马萨诸日出生于马萨诸塞州波士顿附近的康考德村，塞州波士顿附近的康考德村，1882年年4月月27日在日在波士顿逝世。他的生命几乎横贯波士顿逝世。

2、他的生命几乎横贯19世纪的美国，世纪的美国，他出生时候的美国热闹却混沌，一些人意识到它他出生时候的美国热闹却混沌，一些人意识到它代表着某种新力量的崛起，却无人能够清晰的表代表着某种新力量的崛起，却无人能够清晰的表达出来。达出来。Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 April 27, 1882) was an American lecturer, philosopher, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th ce

3、ntury. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and so

4、cial beliefs of his contemporaries, formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. considered to be Americas Intellectual Declarati

5、on of Independence.1 Considered one of the great lecturers of the time, Emerson had an enthusiasm and respect for his audience that enraptured crowds.早年经历早年经历 爱默生出身牧师家庭，他的父亲是威廉爱默生是一位知名的一位论派牧师。爱默生在即将过八岁的两周前父亲过世（1811年），由母亲和姑母抚养他成人。隔年他被送到了波士顿拉丁学校就读。在1817年10月爱默生14岁时，他入读哈佛大学并且被任命为新生代表，这个身份让他获得免费住宿的机会。为了增

6、添微薄的薪水，寒假期间他会到Ripley 伯父在马萨诸塞州瓦胜市的学校进行辅导及教学事务。在校期间，他阅读了大量英国浪漫主义作家的作品，丰富了思想，开阔了视野。1821年爱默生从哈佛大学毕业后，他协助自己的兄弟在母亲的家中设立一所给年轻女性就读的学校，这是在他于切尔姆斯福德设立自己的学校以后的事；当爱默生的兄弟前往格丁根读神学时，爱默生负责主持这所学校。之后数年，爱默生都过著担任校长的日子，然后进了哈佛大学神学院，并于1829年以一位论派牧师的形象崭露头角。 Emerson wrote most of his important essays as lectures first, then r

7、evised them for print. His first two collections of essays Essays: First Series and Essays: Second Series, published respectively in 1841 and 1844 represent the core of his thinking, and include such well-known essays as Self-Reliance, The Over-Soul, Circles, The Poet and Experience. Together with N

8、ature, these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emersons most fertile period.Emerson wrote on a number of subjects, never espousing fixed philosophical tenets, but developing certain ideas such as individuality, freedom, the ability for man to realize almost anything, and the

9、 relationship between the soul and the surrounding world. Emersons nature was more philosophical than naturalistic; Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul.“While his writing style can be seen as somewhat impenetrable, and was thought so even in his own time, Emer

10、sons essays remain one of the linchpins of American thinking, and Emersons work has influenced nearly every generation of thinker, writer and poet since his time. When asked to sum up his work, he said his central doctrine was the infinitude of the private man. Early life, family, and education Emer

11、son was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803, son of Ruth Haskins and the Rev. William Emerson, a Unitarian minister. He was named after his mothers brother Ralph and the fathers great-grandmother Rebecca Waldo. Ralph Waldo was the second of five sons who survived into adulthood; the others

12、 were William, Edward, Robert Bulkeley, and Charles. Three other childrenPhebe, John Clarke, and Mary Carolinedied in childhood. The young Ralph Waldo Emersons father died from stomach cancer on May 12, 1811, less than two weeks before Emersons eighth birthday.Emerson was raised by his mother, with

13、the help of the other women in the family; his aunt Mary Moody Emerson played an important role. Aunt Mary had a profound effect on Emerson. She lived with the family off and on, and maintained a constant correspondence with Emerson until her death in 1863.Emersons formal schooling began at the Bost

14、on Latin School in 1812 when he was nine.In October 1817, at 14, Emerson went to Harvard College and was appointed freshman messenger for the president, requiring Emerson to fetch delinquent students and send messages to faculty. Midway through his junior year, Emerson began keeping a list of books

15、he had read and started a journal in a series of notebooks that would be called Wide World. He took outside jobs to cover his school expenses, including as a waiter for the Junior Commons and as an occasional teacher working with his uncle Samuel in Waltham, Massachusetts By his senior year, Emerson

16、 decided to go by his middle name, Waldo. Emerson served as Class Poet; as was custom, he presented an original poem on Harvards Class Day, a month before his official graduation on August 29, 1821, when he was 18. He did not stand out as a student and graduated in the exact middle of his class of 5

17、9 people.In 1826, faced with poor health, Emerson went to seek out warmer climates. He first went to Charleston, South Carolina, but found the weather was still too cold. He then went further south, to St. Augustine, Florida, where he took long walks on the beach, and began writing poetry. While in

18、St. Augustine, he made the acquaintance of Prince Achille Murat. Murat, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was only two years his senior; the two became extremely good friends and enjoyed one anothers company. The two engaged in enlightening discussions on religion, society, philosophy, and governmen

19、t, and Emerson considered Murat an important figure in his intellectual education.While in St. Augustine, Emerson had his first experience of slavery. At one point, he attended a meeting of the Bible Society while there was a slave auction taking place in the yard outside. He wrote, One ear therefor

20、e heard the glad tidings of great joy, whilst the other was regaled with Going, gentlemen, going! 1. Emersons transcendentalism:The over-soulit is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings

21、 and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.2.Transcendentalismit is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, a

22、s a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. 3.His attitude toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not so

23、mething purely of the matter, but alive with Gods presence. It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult. We do not look in our great cities for our best morality. Jane Austin 名言警句Everyone has a kind of belligerent attitude of mind, are inclined to this eternal war crimes, he wanted to prove himself as a might