夏朝英文介绍

1、Ancient India and ChinaSection 4PreviewMain Idea / Reading FocusChinas GeographyThe Shang DynastyThe Zhou Dynasty Map: Shang and Zhou DynastiesNew Philosophies Faces of History: Chinese PhilosophersChinas First DynastiesAncient India and ChinaSection 4Preview, continuedVisual Study Guide / Quick Fac

2、tsVideo: The Impact of Hinduism as a World ReligionChinas First DynastiesAncient India and ChinaSection 4Reading Focus How did Chinas geography affect its early civilization? What were the achievements of the Shang dynasty? How did China change during the Zhou dynasty? What new philosophies were int

3、roduced in China?Main IdeaChinas river valley civilizations built the foundations of a long-shared Chinese culture. The achievements of the Shang and Zhou dynasties can be felt to this day.Chinas First DynastiesAncient India and ChinaSection 4The development of civilization in early China was aided

4、by features like long rivers, fertile soils, temperate climates, and isolated valleys. Chinas first civilizations developed in river valleys Two major rivers supplied water for earliest civilizations Chang Jiang, also called Yangzi Huang He, or Yellow River Both flow east from Plateau of Tibet to Ye

5、llow SeaRivers, Soils, Climates Annual floods deposited rich soil, loess, on flood plains Valley of Huang He particularly fertile due to loessFine dusty soilCarried into China by desert windsLoess Chinas GeographyAncient India and ChinaSection 4Isolation Combination of rivers for irrigation, fertile

6、 soil for planting allowed Chinese to thrive, as did Chinas relative isolation Mountains, hills, desert protected China from invasion Himalaya Mountains separate southern China from India, rest of southern Asia; vast Gobi Desert prevented reaching China from westCrops Most of eastern China covered w

7、ith fertile soils; some regions better suited than others for growing certain crops Southern Chinawarm, receives plenty of rainfall, excellent region for growing rice Further northclimate cooler, drier; suitable for grains, wheat, milletAncient India and ChinaSection 4 Legend says earliest Chinese r

8、uled by Xia dynasty No written, archaeological evidence Xia dynasty existed Most historians date beginning of Chinese civilization to rise of Shang dynastyXia Archaeological discoveries suggest Chinese civilization began in Huang He valley People started growing crops there 9,000 years agoBeginnings

9、 of CivilizationChinas GeographyAncient India and ChinaSection 4SummarizeWhat geographic features influenced life in early China?Answer(s): Rivers deposited rich soil for farming; mountains, hills, and desert isolated the area.Ancient India and ChinaSection 4According to ancient Chinese records, the

10、 Shang dynasty formed around 1766 BC, although many archaeologists believe it actually began somewhat later than that. China ruled by strong monarchy At capital city, Anyang, kings surrounded by court Rituals performed to strengthen kingdom, keep safeGovernment and Society Kings governors ruled dist

11、ant parts of kingdom King also had large army at disposal Prevented rebellions, fought outside opponentsOrder Shang China largely agricultural Most tended crops in fields Farmers called on to fight in army, work on building projectstombs, palaces, wallsAgricultural SocietyThe Shang DynastyAncient In

12、dia and ChinaSection 4Leisure Ruling elite had free time to pursue leisure activities, hunting for sport Wealthy enjoyed collecting expensive bronze, jade objectsAfterlife Tombs held remains of sacrificed prisoners of war Believed in afterlife where ruler would need riches, servants Artifacts Much o

13、f what is known comes from studying royal tombs Contained valuable items made of bronze, jade Ancestor Worship Shang offered gifts to deceased ancestors to keep them happy in afterlife Steam from ritual meals nourished ancestors spirits Shang EliteAncient India and ChinaSection 4Oracle BonesAs part

14、of worship, Shang asked ancestors for advice Sought advice through use of oracle bones Inscribed bits of animal bone, turtle shell Living person asked question of ancestor Hot piece of metal applied to oracle bone resulting in cracks on bones surface Specially trained priests interpreted meaning of

15、cracks to learn answerAncient India and ChinaSection 4Writing Development of Chinese writing closely tied to use of oracle bones Earliest examples of Chinese writing, questions written on bones themselves Early Shang texts used picture symbols to represent objects, ideasEnd of Dynasty Shang ruled fo

16、r more than 600 years, until about 1100 BC Ruling Chinas growing population proved too much for Shang Armies from nearby tribe, Zhou, invaded, established new ruling dynastyBronze Shang religion led to great advances in working with bronze Highly decorative bronze vessels, objects created for religi

17、ous rituals Also built huge structures like tombs; created calendar, first money systemsShang Achievements and DeclineAncient India and ChinaSection 4SummarizeHow did religion influence other aspects of Shang culture?Answer(s): ritual meals for ancestors; oracle bones connected to early writing; bro

18、nze work for rituals; built stable tombsAncient India and ChinaSection 4In that case, they said, it was the will of the gods that that dynasty be overthrown and a new one take power.Beginning around 1100 BC, the Zhou rules China for several centuries. The Zhou dynasty is divided into two periods. Du

19、ring the Western Zhou, kings ruled from Xian in a peaceful period. Later conflict arose, kings moved east to Luoyang, beginning the Eastern Zhou period. When Zhou conquered Shang, leaders worried Chinese people would not accept them Introduced idea they ruled by Mandate of Heaven Gods would support

20、just ruler, not allow anyone corrupt to hold powerGovernmentThe Zhou Dynasty Zhou said Shang overthrown because they lost gods favor Later rulers used Mandate of Heaven to explain dynastic cycle, rise and fall of dynasties in China If dynasty lost power, it obviously had become corruptDynastic Cycle

21、Ancient India and ChinaSection 4 Before Zhou, Chinese metalwork done almost exclusively in bronze Zhou learned to use iron, became backbone of economy Iron was strong, could be cast more cheaply, quickly than bronze Iron weapons strengthened Zhou army, as did new weapons like catapult and creation o

22、f Chinas first cavalry Population grew under Zhou Farmers learned new techniques, increased size of harvest, created food surpluses; cities also grew Roads, canals allowed better transportation, communication Introduced coins, use of chopsticksGrowth Conflict arose during latter part of Zhou dynasty

23、 Clan leaders within China rose up against king As time passed, more and more local leaders turned against Zhou, further weakening ruleDecline of the ZhouZhou AchievementsAncient India and ChinaSection 4Small States FightResult of rebellions was Warring States Period 403 BC to 221 BC, number of smal

24、l states fought each other for land, power Zhou still nominally in charge, but power almost nonexistent by mid-200s BC Qin, new dynasty, arose to bring end to Warring States Period, Zhou dynastyAncient India and ChinaSection 4Ancient India and ChinaSection 4AnalyzeHow did China change under the Zhou

25、?Answer(s): iron technology, population grew, new farm techniques, more food, cities grew, roads and canals built, coins and chopsticks introducedAncient India and ChinaSection 4The conflicts of the late Zhou period led many Chinese thinkers to question the nature of society and peoples roles in it.

26、 Effort to make sense of chaos led to creation of many new Chinese philosophies, or ways of looking at the world Of many philosophies created during late Zhou period, two became influential in later Chinese history:ConfucianismDaoism New PhilosophiesAncient India and ChinaSection 4Confucius Confucia

27、nism based on teachings of scholar named Kongfuzi, better known as Confucius, who thought people should treat one another humanely Should express love, respect for others, honor ones ancestorsAnalects Ruler should treat subjects fairly; subjects reward ruler with respect, loyalty People should respe

28、ct members of family, devote selves to public service Confucian ideas spread elsewhere in Asia, including Korea, Japan, VietnamLove and Respect Believed that love, respect had disappeared and was responsible for violence in society; restoring respect for tradition would make society stable Thoughts

29、on how to improve society collected in book, AnalectsConfucianismAncient India and ChinaSection 4 Daoism embraced Chinese concept of yin and yang, representing balancing aspect of naturemale, female; dark, light; hot, cold Neither can exist without other Important for two to remain balanced for perf

30、ect harmony Origins of Daoist teachings attributed to philosopher named Laozi Wrote book called Dao De Jing Laozi worshipped by some as a godYin and Yang Unlike Confucianism, which focuses on improving society, Daoism encourages people to retreat from laws of society, yield to law of nature Heart of Daoism