初三下册英语重点语法用法

1、High school geography (o clock) required 1 review the knowledge points Primary and high cohesion A map, 1. Contour interpretation: bending direction: convex high to low, convex low to high. 2. Slope size interpretation: the same map, steep thin slow; Share the same map, scale, the greater the contou

2、r interval, the greater the slope; The same map, contour interval, the bigger the scale, the greater the slope. Second, the earth 1, the prime meridian, the international rules, through the British capital of Londons Greenwich observatory site that a meridian, as 0 meridian, also called the prime me

3、ridian. Note: the place where the international standard time to 0 degrees longitude. 2, longitude: from 0 meridian, east, west members in 180 degrees, 180 degrees east of belong to the east, west of 180 degrees west longitude. 3, the east, the western hemisphere: since 20 W warp clockwise to (or fr

4、om east to west) and 160 E meridian this part is called the western hemisphere. Since 20 W warp counter-clockwise from the west to the east (or ground) to 160 E meridian, this part is called the eastern hemisphere. Memory method: 0-20 degrees are in the western hemisphere; 160-160 degrees of the old

5、 world; The rest of the E is the eastern hemisphere, W for the western hemisphere. 4, meridian characteristics: (1) all the meridian meet in north and south poles; 2 all the meridian length is equal; (3) the two corresponding meridian constitute a coil, and can divide the earth into two hemispheres.

6、 5, parallel: on the globe, with the equator, are called lines of latitude parallel length range. All the parallel form a circle, called the pickfinding coil. The first chapter: the earth in the universe A, planet earth 1. The universe: no start and no end of time the vastness of space. 2. The objec

7、t: Low concept: the form of material existence, including streaming nebula, planets, stars, comets, and other interstellar matter (such as gas, dust). Low celestial system: all the heavenly bodies attract each other, to form objects. When the level of the celestial system: 3. The solar system and it

8、s members: Second-ranking eight planets: fire, gold, land, water, wood, earth, pop, Neptune. When they orbit common features: ecotropic, coplanar, nearly circular. Low and can be divided into three categories: Earth-like planets: (1) : water, gold, earth, Mars (2) the giant planets: wood, Saturn (3)

9、 far planets: pop, Neptune When the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. (note: the fire with wood burning, with the asteroid belt) 4. The source of the life exists: (1) to moderate distance, the suitable temperature (2) quality - volume suitable for biological breath of air (3) - water material

10、 movement in the interior of the earth Second, the influence of the sun on the earth 1. Provide energy: The main components of the low sun: hydrogen and helium. Low solar radiation in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Source: internal fusion. Low latitude difference heat difference: low latitud

11、es, strong solar radiation, biomass; On the other hand. 2 solar activity: When the suns atmosphere from outside to inside is divided into: corona (the outermost layer), color ball, ball, the suns surface, the brightest). Low solar activity: the main sunspot cycle (11 years). Flare is important symbo

12、l, it is the most intense solar activity. When the solar wind in the corona layer; A solar storm occurred in the surface of the sun. Low solar activity of three effects: (1) the electromagnetic disturbance in the ionosphere radio short-wave communication (2) disturbance earths electromagnetic field

13、charged particles produce geomagnetic storm (3) charged particles into the atmosphere The undesirable. Low rainfall and sunspots have certain relevance: positive correlation, negative correlation. Three, earth movement: : 1. The movement of the earths rotation and revolution. Direction is from west

14、to east. 2. The earths rotation: Low around the center: the earths axis (it always points to the north near the north star) Low earth rotation: sidereal day 56 minutes and 4 seconds) when (23, 360 o Another cycle is: solar day (24 hours), 360 o59 Low rotation direction: On the earths rotation is cou

15、nterclockwise from the North Pole, the South Pole is clockwise. Low angular velocity: in addition to the north and south poles point of 0, other local angular velocity of 15 o/h. Low linear velocity: the equator (1670 m/s), the largest to the poles gradually decreases, and the linear velocity betwee

16、n 0. Low place with area: The same place on the same meridian; Today, the scope of all over the world = 180 degrees longitude place / 24 3. The revolution of the earth: Low around the center: the sun Low cycle: Sidereal year: 365 6 9 and 10 seconds (real cycle) Tropical year: 365 days at 5 48 minute

17、s and 46 seconds (solar cycle) Low orbit, elliptic, the sun is located in one of the focus. Perihelion (in early January, angular velocity and linear velocity), aphelion (minimum in early July, angular velocity and linear velocity). Note: the summer solstice point near aphelion, the winter solstice

18、point near perihelion. Low obliquity (23026) : the ecliptic plane + equatorial plane 4. Significance of motion of the earth: Low rotation: produce change, local time, day and night to coriolis force, the transformation of the earth shape (slightly flat at the poles and the equator slightly drum) Low

19、 orbit: the seasonal change (noon the sun changes height, length of day and night), the formation of WuDai. The rotation and revolution of the earth: obliquity (23 o26 ). 5. Calculation of motion of the earth: Low terminator: perpendicular to the suns rays, the altitude of the sun to 0. The morning

20、line: from night into day. Faint line: from day into night. Note: the sun point-blank point height is 90 degrees. By direct point decreases to the terminator, midnight ball of the sun is negative. Low will be divided into 24 time zones around the world, each time zone 15 o across longitude, the adja

21、cent two time zones differ for 1 hour. The problem solving three methods: (1) a time zone: serial number 15 o = known longitude/zones, remainder 7.5 integer serial number + 1 for time zone (2) the difference between the two time zones: with area subtraction, different areas together (3) east and wes

22、t : prayer point in the east of known points with +, to the west with - Low date line: the principle of 180 o meridian as the date line, but there are three twists and turns. Twelve area from the east into the west 12 area minus one day; Twelve area from west to east into the twelve plus one day. Th

23、ree methods for the length of day and night low solution: (1) a day length somewhere: a point for parallel or pickfinding coil, part of the day more is the nights are short, on the other hand, the days are short, the nights are long. (2) one day long 2 x, the sunrise is 12:00 - x, the sunset is: 12:

24、 + x, the night long time * 2 = sunrise Sunrise time = 12 - day length / 2; Sunset time = 12 + daylength / 2, sunrise and sunset = 24, day + night long = 24. And (3) the equinoxes day: terminator meridian overlap, the globe equinox, sunrise at 6:00, 18:00 sunset. Note: the problem solving breakthrou

25、gh: the equator at equinox, sunrise at 6:00, 18:00 sunset. When noon the sun: H = 90 - (phi - lambda) (latitude) Note: phi for petitions to latitude, lambda latitude for sun spot. When the sun and ask the same hemisphere with phi - lambda; When the sun and ask respectively in the south, the northern

26、 hemisphere in the phi + lambda. : Place of longitude are as follows: a low sun dot was 12:00. Note: the pole of the sun = direct point latitude; Just appear surfaces of the polar night latitude than with direct point latitude; Solar panels and the ground = local geographic latitude Angle with direc

27、t point latitude latitude. Low date line: a date line minus one day, in the direction of the earths rotation and vice plus one day. Low apparent motion: the spring equinox, the autumnal equinox, the world is dongsheng, is; The sun point in the northern hemisphere, the world outside, northeast litres

28、 of northwest fall; The sun point in the southern hemisphere, the world outside, southeast litres of southwest. Fourth, the structure of the spheres of the earth Study: 1. The seismic waves Seismic wave is divided into: (S) (P) and shear waves. Note: the longitudinal wave can be solid, liquid and ga

29、s. Shear wave only through solid. Faster than transverse wave, vertical wave during an earthquake on land first commonly so feel shake up and down, and then the vibration; Only shake up and down in the ocean. 2. Layers of earths interior Low from outside to inside is divided into three layers: the e

30、arths crust, mantle and core. Between the crust and mantle is mohorovicic interface, between the mantle and the core is the Gutenberg interface. Low asthenosphere: the earthquake and the birthplace of magma. In the upper portion of the upper mantle, but not at the top. Low lithosphere, including the

31、 top of upper mantle and crust. 3. The outer layers of the earth: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere. The second chapter: the earths atmosphere A, uneven and cause atmospheric movement 1. Atmospheric heating process: solar radiation - atmosphere weaken - ground radiation absorption - - ground radiat

32、ion big reversed flow of qi (thermal effect) 2. The simplest atmospheric movement: thermal circulation 3. The sea-land thermal circulation: figure (activities). Land breeze blowing sea breeze blowing during the day, night. Because the daytime terrestrial heats up faster than ocean, land formation of

33、 low pressure, the sea is high pressure; Night cool faster than ocean land, land formation pressure, the sea is low pressure. 4. The horizontal pressure gradient force: it is form the immediate cause of the wind; Isobar and vertical directions; By the high pressure to low pressure. 5. Coriolis force

34、, to the right in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere to the left. 6. The friction that wind speed, the greater the friction, the smaller the wind speed; Can also affect the direction of the wind and the Angle of isobar. 2, 1. The seven pressure belt, and six wind belt: remember the

35、name, location, and the wind with the wind. Air pressure and wind with symmetrical about the equator. 2. Three times circulation: low weft, weft, in high latitude circulation. 3. The season of air pressure belt and belt movement: in the northern hemisphere summer, air pressure and wind belt moving n

36、orth Note: in the northern hemisphere is summer, is the southern hemisphere winter. 4. Sea-land thermal properties differences: winter mainland cooling fast, high pressure formation, turn off the subpolar depression belt; Mainland summer heating up fast, low pressure formation, turn off the subtropi

37、cal high pressure belt. 5. Air pressure center: North Asia Pacific north Atlantic Winter Asian high pressure (Mongolia - Siberian high pressure) Aleutian low Icelandic low Summer Asian low pressure Low voltage (India) Hawaiian high the Azores high 6. Monsoon: (key) Summer: the prevailing southeast m

38、onsoon (from the western Pacific subtropical high pressure zone), and South Asia is southwest monsoon (the southern hemisphere summer the southeast trade winds across the equator, the ground under the action of coriolis force to the right slant gradually into southwest). Winter: the prevailing north

39、west monsoon, south are the northeast monsoon. 7. Climate type: Note: describe the climate of a place to describe the rainfall and temperature. (1) under a single pressure belt or wind belt control: a tropical rainforest climate, temperate maritime climate. Note: a tropical rainforest climate, high

40、temperature and rainy all year. Temperate Marine climate, average temperature above 0 o, precipitation too much or too little. (2) in two kinds of alternating pressure belt or wind belt control: the Mediterranean climate, tropical grassland climate. Note: Mediterranean climate more less precipitatio

41、n in summer in the winter, Cape Town is a Mediterranean climate. The climate of our country is mainly: the subtropical monsoon climate (south), temperate monsoon climate (north), temperate continental climate (northwest) 3, 1. The frontal: cold and warm air mass convergence. Below the cold in front.

42、 Frontal and strike collectively known as the front. (1) warm front: moving cold, warm air mass, precipitation in front of the front. (2) a cold: cold to warm air mass movement, after precipitation in front. (3) the quasi stationary front: warm, cold forces formed fairly. Early summer, quasi station

43、ary front in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river region form the rainy weather. 2. The ridge: from high pressure extension of the long and narrow area. Trough: the low pressure extension of the long and narrow area. Cyclone: central pressure is low, high pressure around; In the norther

44、n hemisphere is counterclockwise convergence, In the southern hemisphere is clockwise convergence; Vertical air currents to rise. High anticyclone: central pressure, low pressure around; In the northern hemisphere is clockwise divergence, In the southern hemisphere is counterclockwise divergence; Ve

45、rtical direction airflow sink. In the northern hemisphere with the right-hand rule, the southern hemisphere is left hand rule, thumb airflow direction and vertical direction in the same direction. Note: (1) the typhoon is a special form of cyclone. (2) our country affected by the cyclone is mainly:

46、extratropical cyclone and tropical cyclones. Perennial influenced by extratropical cyclone, tropical cyclone mainly in summer. (3) the anticyclone: summer is from Pacific warm tropical oceans anticyclone, such as drought weather to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river; Winter from Mongo

47、lian cold temperate zone continental anticyclone. 4 and 1. Nearly a century, the global climate characteristics: rising temperatures. Since 1860, the temperature rise by 0.6 oC. 2. The temperature rise of three effects: (1) (2) the impact of agricultural production rising sea levels (3) affect the w

48、ater cycle. 3. Measures: controlling greenhouse gas emissions and afforestation, etc. The third chapter: the water on the earth A, 1. Water: (1) water is main body (2) the glacier is one of the most abundant fresh water resources. But not much 2. The relationship between rivers and lakes supply: if

49、water from rivers, lakes, lake supplies to the river. On the other hand. 3. The three major types: water circulation between sea and land circulation, land circulation, circulate in the sea. Among them between sea and land circulation is the most important and most complete. The circulation process:

50、 2, 1. The currents are divided into: warm and cold. Current: from the high temperature area ocean current flow to the low temperature area; General is also flow from low latitude to high latitude. A cold snap. The main motivation: 2. The current prevailing winds. 3. The winter currents distribution

51、: figure 3.25; In low latitudes is clockwise in the northern hemisphere, ocean circulation, ocean circulation of high latitudes is anticlockwise; In the southern hemisphere in low latitudes is counterclockwise. 4. The north Indian Ocean currents: summer prevailing southwest, so is the ocean circulat

52、ion clockwise; Ocean circulation is winter popular northeaster, counterclockwise. 5. The north Atlantic current, ice-free port to appear inside the Arctic Circle. 6. The formation of the four major fishing grounds: (1) cold warm current intersection formed: Newfoundland, Hokkaido, and the north sea

53、fisheries. (2) affected by offshore wind: Peru fishing grounds. 7. El nino: from the sea near Peru, is the equatorial current flows to the south, the increased water temperatures cause coast of Peru. Floods cause Peru and Ecuador formation; Australia, drought in Indonesia. The atmospheric circulatio

54、n such as the right: Key: 3, 1. The water to measure average runoff for years. Runoff = precipitation, evaporation. 2. One of the most abundant water resources continents: Asia. Water is the most rich countries: Brazil. Our country is located in the sixth. 3. The rational utilization of water resour

55、ces: open source throttling. The fourth chapter: the surface shape of the form A, 1. Geological processes including: internal force and external force. The internal force is dominant. 2. The internal force of the three forms: crustal movement, magmatic activity, metamorphism. The crustal movement is

56、 the main mode for shaping the surface morphology. 3. The crustal movement: (1) horizontal motion: extrusion formation fold mountains, stretch forming fault zone. (2) vertical movement: form rugged terrain and changes of the land and sea. Among them is given priority to with horizontal motion. 4. Th

57、e external force: (1) weathering: weathering products to stay put (2) erosion: product left in situ, in situ formation of erosion. Such as ice bucket, horn, mushroom rock. (3) transportation (4) the accumulation effect 5. Lithospheric material circulation as shown in figure: Second, (the result of t

58、he internal force) 1. Fold mountain: (1) anticline: rock up, older wing center strata is new, repairable tunnel, and oil and gas storage. (2) the syncline: rock down, a new wing older center strata, reservoir. Note: sometimes the crestal eroded due to tension into the valley; Syncline due to the slot of strong resistance to erosion and syncline mountains. 2. Block mountain: (1) rock mass