跨文化交际课件第二章文化与跨文化交际

1、2021/3/10讲解：XX1Chapter TwoHuman beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart. Confucius2021/3/10讲解：XX2Warm-up CasevFish Is Fish2021/3/10讲解：XX3Learning ObjectivesvDefine the term of culturevDescribe the characteristics of culturevUnderstand the natur

2、e of culturevBe aware of cultural differences2021/3/10讲解：XX4CulturevSome people in many parts of the world put dogs in their ovens, but people in the United States put them on their couches and beds. Why?vSome people in Iran pray five times each day while sitting on the floor, but some people in Las

3、 Vegas sit up all night in front of video poker machines. Why?vSome people paint and decorate their entire bodies, but others spend hundreds of dollars painting and decorating only their faces. Why?vSome people talk to God, but others have God talk to them, and still others say there is no God. Why?

4、vSome people shake hands when introduced to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?2021/3/10讲解：XX5CulturevDefinitions of culture are numerous. vWe define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social hierarchies, religion, notions o

5、f time, roles, spatial relationships, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.2021/3/10讲解：XX6The Basic Function of CulturevAt the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to

6、 make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.vAs the English writer Thomas Fuller wrote 200 years ago, Culture makes all things easy.2021/3/10讲解：XX7Elements of CulturevHistoryvReligionvValuesvSocial organizationsvLanguage2021/3/10讲解：XX8Characteristics of Culture

7、vCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.2021/3/10讲解：XX9Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture is learned in a variety of way

8、s and from a host of different sources.Informal learning, which is often very subtle, normally takes place through interaction, observation and imitation. The formal teaching of a culture is far more structured and is often left to the various institutions of the culture, such as schools and churche

9、s.2021/3/10讲解：XX102021/3/10讲解：XX11Learning Culture through Proverbs 2021/3/10讲解：XX12Learning Culture through Proverbs 2021/3/10讲解：XX13Learning Culture through Proverbs.vStrike while the iron is hot and He who hesitates is lost.vActions speak louder than words and Nothing ventured, nothing gained.vMa

10、n does not live by bread alone and Make hay while the sun shines.vGod helps those who help themselves, Pull yourself up by your bootstraps, and No pain, no gain.vA mans home is his castle.vThe squeaky wheel gets the grease.vVariety is the spice of life, Lightning never strikes twice in the same plac

11、e, and There is more than one way to skin a cat.2021/3/10讲解：XX14How would someone from a culture other than the United States interpret the following sentences?vThere is just too much red tape involved in applying for a fellowship.vPassing the history examination was a piece of cake.vTry not to deal

12、 with him; hes a cutthroat.vThe deadline has passed; I think I have missed the boat.vThe only way she could do it was to go cold turkey.2021/3/10讲解：XX15Learning Culture through Folktales, Legends, and MythsvAmericans revere the tough, independent, fast-shooting cowboy of the Old West.vThe English ad

13、mire good manners, courtly behavior, and dignity, as is reflected in the “Canterbury Tales”.vThe Japanese learn about the importance of duty, obligation, and loyalty from “The Tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin”.vThe Chinese teach the folly of impatience by telling the tale of a farmer who did not like t

14、he slow growth of his plants so he tugged on them an inch each day until he managed to uproot them.2021/3/10讲解：XX16Learning Culture through ArtvIn Asian cultures, most art depicts objects, animals, and landscapes rather than focusing on people.vAmerican and European art, however, often emphasizes pe

15、ople. Whether in portraits of a single person or pictures of an entire family, people are the focus.2021/3/10讲解：XX17Learning Culture through Mass MediavIn the United States, films, video games, and television glorify violence. The language we use in sports mirrors and sanctions violence. Watching a

16、sporting event on television, youll hear statements like “he has that killer instinct,” “he is a headhunter,” “its war on that court,” “they are out for blood,” and “they are playing smash-mouth defense.”2021/3/10讲解：XX18Characteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Tran

17、smitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.2021/3/10讲解：XX19Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to GenerationvIf a culture is to endure, it must make certain that its crucial messages an

18、d elements are not only shared, but are passed on to future generations. In this way, the past becomes the present and helps prepare for the future.2021/3/10讲解：XX20Characteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based

19、on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.2021/3/10讲解：XX21Culture Is Based on SymbolsvThe mind, books, pictures, films, religious writings, videos, computer accessories, and the like enable a culture to preserve what it deems to be important a

20、nd worthy of transmission.vThe most important symbolic aspect of culture is language.2021/3/10讲解：XX22Characteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integra

21、ted System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.2021/3/10讲解：XX23Culture Is Subject to ChangevCultures are highly adaptive.vAlthough many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of a culture resists major alterations.2021/3/10讲解：XX24Characteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Lea

22、rned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.2021/3/10讲解：XX25Culture Is an Integrated SystemvThe civil rights movement in the United States, which began in the 1960s has

23、 brought about changes in housing patterns, discrimination practices, educational opportunities, the legal system, career opportunities, and even communication. This one aspect of culture has altered American attitudes, values, and behaviors.2021/3/10讲解：XX26Characteristics of CulturevCulture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.vCulture Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation.vCulture Is Based on Symbols.vCulture Is Subject to Change.vCulture Is an Integrated System.vCulture Is Ethnocentric.2021/3/10讲解：XX27Culture Is EthnocentricvSumner defined ethnocentrism as the technical name for the vi