优质美国60年代社会运动小结AmericanSocialMovementsofthe1960s0001

1、American Social Movements of the 1960sI. IntroductionAmerica n social moveme nts in the 1960s was marked with the quiet sit-i n.O n February 1,1960,4 freshme n from a black college in Gree nsboro went to a store and sat down at the lunch counter which refused to serve the black .The stude nts ,belie

2、v ing the segregatio n law was wrong ,did nt move and continued to sit .There were three trends in the 1960s in America,the civil rights movements,the young an ti-war and the wome ns liberati on moveme nts. We shall overcome! Let it all hang out ! andSpeak your heart without interruptionsomehow expr

3、essed their attitude and goals in the moveme nts.II. The Three Social Movements of the 1960s1. The Civil Rights MovementIn the 1960s after the World War II ,Afo-Americans were dissatisfied with their lives becauseof the segregation laws in Southern states.Black and white children could nt go to the

4、same school ,and most Negroes were not allowed to vote. They were preve nted from good jobs and educati on, which was not the America n way of life and could nt fulfill their America n dreams.The civil rights movements began when black people spontaneously protested segregati on laws and created org

5、a ni zati on to make the protest successful.The true beg inning was that a black woma n n amed Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man on the bus in 1955.The members of NAACP in formed other orga ni zati on about her act of civil disobedience.Black people began to boycott the bus system.F

6、rom Rosa Parks spontaneous action and from the social base of Negro churchs,community and political organizations ,grew support for protest against segregation.There main organizations were Congress of Racial Equality (CORE),Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLE) and the Student Non viole nt

7、 Coordi nating Committee(SNCC).Civil rights activists used different direct action tactics .They first used sit-in tactics to fight segregation and later ,freedom rides.BIack and white CORE members travelled together on buses to challenge segregation. In the summer of 1963,h un dred of thousa nds of

8、 peaceful dem on strators went to Wash ington DC,where Marti n Luther King gave the famous speech I HAVE A DREAM. I n 1965,as racial viole nee con ti nued ,black people bega n to cha nge their nonvi ole nee in fight ing discrimination into violence.They made Stokely Carmicheal chairman of the SNCC.H

9、e spoke about black power and organized the Black Panther Party for Self-Defe nse in Oakla nd in 1966.In September 1961,the federal government declared segregation illegal in all in terstate bus statio nsn 1964,the Civil Rights Act was passed Con gress and sig ned into law by Preside nt Joh nson to

10、improve the racial relati on s.Legal segregati on en ded in the South as a result of the civil rights movement.Southern Afro-American can vote.2. The Youth Movement/Anti-War MovementMany young people resented traditional white male values in US society.They believed their fathers were selfish and th

11、ey dont want to follow their mothers examples either.Y oung people believed they had the rights to choose the way they would live their lives.They wan ted to work at jobs which were in terest ing,not just to make money.When the Vietnam began,many people thought it was wrong.Young people,black and wh

12、ite,did nt want to join the army.Mothers did nt want their sons drafted in to the army.After working in the South during Freedom Summer in 1964,many white stude nts cha nged greatly in their attitudes and beliefs .In October 1964,stude nts protested that the CORE workers be free and rules against fr

13、ee speech be cha nged.They sat around the police car for 32 hours.Graduates stude nts orga ni zed a strike and closed the uni versity.The young peoples Free Speech Moveme ntbega n with success.Later some stude nts formed a co un terculture.They reject capitalism and other America n prin ciples.They

14、were looked for happ in ess and called Hippies which represe nted a new culture they created.Their direct action strategies included teach-ins,protest marched and rallies,and attacks on federal offices.A loose coaliti on of many orga ni zati on was formed un der a series ofMobilizati on Committees t

15、o End the War in Viet namThe preside nt Joh nson decided not to run for re-electi on in 1968 becauseof the an ger of people .In 1973,the US sig ned a peace treaty.3. The Womens MovementMiddle-class white wome n were well-educated and had the opport unity to work in resp on sible jobs duri ng WWII. B

16、ut whe n men retur ned from war,they were give n the good jobs.Thus women earned less and had fewer opportunities.They became housewives ,isolated at home with their childre n.The wome n moveme nt was started by three groups and an accide nt.The first was a group of wome n who were appo in ted to a

17、Commissio n on the Status of Wome n,They found women were not equal with men and situation of some women was shock in g.The sec ond group were mostly white housewives and mothers who read Betty Friedans book,The Feminine Mystique.The book changed the way women thought about themselves and other wome

18、 n. The third group were young activists in the civil rights and anti-war movements.They believed male leaders of these movements were discriminating against women in the movements.They became known as the womens liberation group ,or womens lib,used radical tactics and received a great deal of bad publicity.The accident was a word in the Civil Rights Act,which made discrimi natio n in employme nt based on race or sex illegal.In 1966,the Natio nal Orga ni z