浅析中国金融监管体制

1、浅析中国金融监管体制一、中国金融监管体制的概述金融监管体制是指金融监管的职责和权利分配的方式和组织制度，其要解决的是由谁来对金融机构、金融市场和金融业务进行监管、按照何种方式进行监管以及由谁来对监管效果负责和如何负责的问题。由于历史发展、政治经济体制、法律与民族文化等各方面的差异，各国在金融监管体制上也存在着一定的差别。二、中国金融监管体制的现状金融监管是指一国金融监管当局以法律法规为依据，对金融业的经营进行监督管理的行为。目前，世界各国及地区的金融监管体制并没有一个统一的模式。为适应金融业的发展，我国政府一直在摸索符合国情的金融监管模式。目前，我国实行的是以中国人民银行、银监会、证监会、保监

2、会（即所谓的“一行三会”）为主的金融业分立监管体制，并建立了银、证、保三方的“监管联席会议机制”。国务院是金融监管的主体它和三大金融监管部门实际上是一种委托代理关系，金融监管部门在国务院的授权下发挥监管的职能，发挥着核心作用。2003年10月，经修订的中国人民银行法保留了中国人民银行为履行其央行职责所必要的金融监管权力。至此，形成了我国目前的金融监管体制。目前，我国实行金融分业经营体制，并依据人民银行法、商业银行法、证券法、保险法和银行业监管法的规定实施具体的金融监管。从体制上看，我国的金融监管体制应属于“一元多头”，即金融监管权力集中于中央政府，由中央政府设立的金融主管机关和相关机关分别履行

3、金融监管职能，即银监会、证监会、保监会分别监管银行、证券、保险机构及市场，中国人民银行、审计机关、税务机关等分别履行部分国家职能。在这种分业监管体制中，中国人民银行处于核心地位，是全国金融业的最高主管机关，它不仅负责银行业和信托业的监管，还要从宏观上对证券业和保险业的监管予以指导，以保证整个金融业的健康发展；银监会负责对银行业的监管，证监会作为国务院证券监督机构对全国证券市场实行集中统一的监督管理；保监会负责对全国保险业和保险市场的统一监管。同时，我国法律还规定有有金融业的自律监管和社会监管作为辅助监管。自律监管包括金融机构自我监管和行业自律监管，社会监管主要是指中介机构的监管。三、现在监管制

4、度存在的问题（一）监管的协调性不够监管协调性差是分业监管体制的固有弊端，加之我国特有的行政体制和行政文化，导致三家监管部门之间以及监管机构和中央银行等宏观调控部门之间的协调难度大，效果差。这些部门均为独立的正部级单位，自成系统，各司其职，条块分割，易形成部门利益，造成监管真空和磨擦，给跨业违规以可乘之机。此外，当发现问题时，由谁牵头，由谁做出最终决定等，都有一定难度。随着金融创新和综合经营的进一步发展，这些问题将更为突出，并严重影响监管效率的提高。（二）监管目标不够明确在市场经济发达国家，金融监管目标与中央银行货币政策目标是不同的。货币政策目标是宏观目标，借助货币政策工具调节货币供应量，以保持

5、币值稳定。而金融监管的目标较为具体，突出强调保护存款人利益和维护金融体系的安全与稳定。从中华人民共和国银行管理暂行条例（1986）、金融机构管理规定（1994）和商业银行法（1995）的内容看，我国的金融监管目标具有多重性和综合性。金融监管既要保障国家货币政策和宏观调控措施的有效实施，又要防范和化解金融风险，保护存款人利益，保障平等竞争和金融机构合法权益，维护金融体系的安全。（三）没有形成统一规范、连续和系统性的监管目前我国的金融监管体系主要是行政监管，并且在具体的运作中大多数是一次性的、分散的和孤立的，没有形成一个有效的全方位的金融风险监测、评价、预警和防范金融监管体系，缺乏早期预警和早期控

6、制，往往是忙于事后救火。非现场监管和现场检查的结合效率不高。信息的不对称，没有建立集中统一的监管信息库和信息网络，缺乏金融监管体系数据的收集、整理、加工、分析系统，社会中介机构会计审计等社会监督作用没有充分发挥。信息披露制度不完善，市场约束力薄弱，金融监管信息没有得到充分的利用。（四）金融业开放缺乏整体战略，单纯的分业监管无法对外资金融机构实施有效监管首先，我国实行“一行三会”模式下的分业监管体制，在该体制下，以证监会、保监会、银监会为主，与其他一些监管部门如主要管理国债市场的财政部、管理企业债券市场的国家发展改革委员会、管理外汇的国家外汇管理局等一起.在分业监管的基础上，共同实现对我国金融市

7、场的监管。在当前我国金融监管协调机制尚未完全有效建立，金融监管机构之间的协同配合仍需加强的情况下，行业监管区隔和多头监管的并存，往往导致金融监管真空和监管重复的难以避免，在金融混业经营环境中尤其如此。其次，在金融机构产权监护人功能缺失的情况下，国内金融机构的自律监管作用相对薄弱，自我约束、自我发展、自担风险的内控机制难以形成，金融监管当局的风险监管要求未能转化为金融机构自身的风险管理需求，从而使金融监管部门承担了过多的责任，提高了金融监管成本，降低了金融监管效率。qcwa3ptgz7r4i30ka1dkaghn3xtkknbycudxqa7fhyi2chhi92tgkqcwa3ptgshls5

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