专题15 动词和动词短语（解析版）

1、巅峰冲刺江苏省2020年高考英语一轮考点扫描专题15 动词和动词短语1、 【知识精讲】（一）动词辨析1. destroy/harm/hurt/injure/break/damage/ruin/spoilDestroy：多指彻底地、毁灭性地毁坏,含导致无用、不能或很难再修复的意味。Harm：多指带来悲痛、产生恶果的伤害,可以是肉体上的、也可以是精神上的。Hurt：侧重指给有生命的东西造成的机体上、精神、感情上的或轻或重的伤害。Injure：既可指伤害别人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名誉等,又可指使别人受伤或使东西受损,含有受伤害部分至少暂时丧失效用的意味。Break：毁坏、摔坏,指某物因被打破或撕破而

2、受到毁坏,可指有形或无形的毁坏。Damage：多指对无生命物体的损害,造成降低价值、毁坏效用等后果。Ruin：多指因外部原因而受到严重毁坏或毁灭,侧重毁坏的彻底性。Spoil：强调不仅会削弱力量、精力或价值,而且会导致不可避免的毁坏。2. get/win/earn/gain/obtain/acquire/secureGet：普通用词,可指以任何方式得到某物。Win：主要指通过努力、斗争、比赛等获得胜利。Earn：侧重指依靠自己的劳动或通过付出代价而获得。Gain：侧重指经过努力而取得某种成就或获得某种利益或好处。Obtain：正式用词,着重指通过巨大努力而得到盼望已久的东西。Acquire：书

3、面用词,强调通过不断的努力或日积月累渐渐地获得。Secure：弄到、获得安全,强调要付出代价才能获得所渴望的东西。3. arise/rise/raiseArise：书面用词,不及物动词,多用于比喻中的“出现,上升,起立”。Rise：普通用词,不及物动词,指具体的或抽象的事物由低向高移动。Raise：常用词,及物动词,多指把某物从低处升到高处,有时作引申义。4. clean/clear/dust/wipe/mop/sweep/smooth/washClean：常用词,指将某物或某处的污物等清除掉、弄干净。 Clear：指清除不要的东西。Dust：指将积落在物体表面的尘土抹去、掸掉或擦去以保持干净

4、。Wipe：多指用布、纸等把东西擦净,也指擦掉某物。Mop：侧重指用拖把擦洗地板,有时也指擦干净或擦去。Sweep：指用扫帚等进行清扫。Smooth：使光滑；消除(问题等)；缓和；侧重顺滑、平顺之意。Wash：洗涤；洗澡；耐洗；洗刷；冲刷。5. travel/head/rush/dash/march/pace/steal/slide/slip/storm/pour/cover/parade/wanderTravel:从一个地方行进到另一个地方,特别是远距离的行进或旅行。Head：朝(某方向)行进,其后常接for, towards等介词。Rush/dash：迅速移动,急速行进。March：快速齐

5、步行进；游行示威。Pace：(因紧张、焦虑或担忧等)来回踱步,走来走去。Steal：偷偷地(或悄悄地)移动。Slide：(使)快捷而悄声地移动。 Slip：溜,悄悄疾行。Storm：气呼呼地疾走,冲,闯。Pour(flood, crowd)in/out：大批涌入/涌出。Cover：行走(一段路程)。Parade：(士兵)列队行进,接受检阅。Wander：漫游,闲逛。6. strike/hit/beatStrike：指猛烈地撞击、碰撞。Hit：侧重指“击中”,用劲打、击,有时也指“打一下”。Beat：侧重指连续地打、击,也可指(在竞争或比赛中)赢,打败(对方)。7. glance/stare/g

6、lare/overlookGlance：意为“匆匆一看,瞥一眼”,其后要接at,down,over等介词才能接宾语。Stare：意为“凝视”,尤指吃惊或害怕地盯着看、凝视、注视,其后要接介词at后才能接宾语。Glare：意为“怒目而视”,其后要接介词at后才能接宾语。Overlook：意为“俯视,眺望”。（二）动词短语辨析1. break短语break away from 脱离,背叛 break up 结束；散开,解散 break down 出故障,坏掉,垮掉,使分解break into 闯入,破门而入 break (sth.) off (使某物)折断,中断break out (战争、火灾)突

7、然发生,爆发break in 打断,打扰；强行进入 break through 突破,战胜2. bring短语bring about 引起,导致 bring.back to life使苏醒 bring down 使降低,减少bring in 引进(技术),赚钱,带来(收入) bring out 使显出,出版 bring up 抚养,养育 bring forth 生产,产出 bring on 使发展,导致 bring forward 提议,将(日期或时间)提前 bring through 使脱离险境,使渡过难关3. call短语call for 需要 call in 请来,召集 call off

8、 取消 call on/upon 号召 call out 大声呼喊,叫喊 call up 给打电话,使想起4. come短语come about 发生,产生 come across 偶然遇到 come at 扑向 come into being 形成,产生 come off 成功come on 过来,加油,来吧,赶快 come to达到,共计 come to oneself 苏醒过来,恢复知觉 come to light 显露,为人所知 come true 变为现实 come to/into power 当权,上台 come up with 提出,想出(主意) come out 出现,开花,出

9、版 come over 顺便来访,过来 come in 进来,流行 come up 破土而出,上升,发生5. cut短语cut away 切除,剪去 cut down 砍倒,砍下,削减 cut in 插嘴,加塞,插入 cut in line 插队 cut off 切断(线路),中断(提供) cut up 切碎,剪碎,剁碎 o halves 把切成两半 cut out 剪下来6. get短语get away from 逃脱,逃离 get close to 接近 get down on ones knees 跪下 get down to (doing) sth. 开始(做)某事 ge

10、t it 理解,懂得 get through 接通(电话),完成,通过 get.across to sb. 使得被某人理解 get/be stuck 陷进去,被困住 get along (with) (与某人)和睦相处,进步 get on 进展,获得成功7. give短语give away 赠送,泄露 give out 用完,耗尽,分发 give in 屈服,让步,投降 give off 发出(烟、气味) give up 放弃 give back 归还 give birth to 生孩子,生产,造成 give sb. a hand 给予某人帮助8. go短语go ahead 进行；先走 go

11、against 违反,违背 go on diet 在节食 go through 经受,浏览 go wrong 出毛病go by 流逝；遵循 go Dutch 各付各的账,平摊费用 go without没有也行 go over 仔细检查 go on 继续9. hold短语hold ones breath 屏住呼吸 hold back 退缩,控制住 hold on 等一等,不要挂电话 hold on to 抓住,保住hold out 伸出,坚持,维持 hold up 耽搁,延误,举起10. keep短语keep an eye on 留心,注意 keep fit 保持健康 keep up 继续,保持

12、,使(情绪等)不低落 keep a record/records 保持记录 keep.in mind记住 keep (on) doing sth. 继续不停地做某事 keep away from 避开,别靠近 keep back 隐瞒,抑制 keep off 使不接近；回避某话题 keep up with sth. 熟悉,了解；继续做11. look短语look ahead 向前看,展望未来 look back on 回顾,回忆 look around 环顾四周 look up 查找,查阅look into 往里面看；调查,研究 look (right) into sb.s eyes 直视 l

13、ook out for 警惕,留心 look down on/upon 瞧不起,轻视 look through 看透,仔细查看 look up to 敬仰,尊重12. make短语make out 理解,弄清楚 make up 化妆,和解,编造,组成 make up for 弥补,补偿 make a commitment 承诺,保证 make a contribution to 为做出贡献 make a fool of sb.fool sb. 愚弄某人 make a/no difference (没)有关系/影响 make it (事业上)获得成功 make comments on/upon

14、(对)发表评论 make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵 make sense 有意义,有道理,讲得通 make sense of 弄懂的意思13. put短语put away 收起来,储存 put down 平息,镇压,记下 put off 延期 put on (戏)上演,播放(唱片),穿上put an end to 结束 put ones heart into 全神贯注于 put out 扑灭 put up with 忍受,容忍14. set短语set about (doing) 着手,开始 set aside 留出,搁/放在一边 set out to do 开始做,着手做

15、set a (good) example to 为树立榜样 set sail for 启航去 set foot on/in 踏上,到达,进入 set fire to sth.set sth. on fire 纵火,放火烧 set down 写下,记下,制定15. take短语take after 与相像 take in 吸收,理解,上当 take for. 当作,误以为是 take on 呈现 take up 开始做,占用(时间或空间) take off 起飞,脱下,突然大受欢迎 take over 接管,占上风 take to 开始喜欢,养成的习惯 take.by surprise 对突然袭

16、击 take.for example 以为例 take responsibility for对负起责任 take turns to do sth./in doing sth. 轮流做某事 o consideration 顾及,考虑到 take pride in 对感到自豪16. turn短语turn against 转而反对,背叛 turn out 结果是,生产 turn to 转向,向求助,查阅 turn in 上交,提交turn over 翻身,翻转 turn around/round 转身,转过来 turn up 把音量调高,出现 turn down 调低,拒绝2、 【典

17、例精练】1. Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which _(calls for/calls on/calls off/calls up) a clear road map and timetable.【参考答案】calls for【解析】句意：发展长江经济带是一项系统工程,需要一个清晰的路线图和时间表。call for意为“需要”,符合语境。call on 拜访,号召；call off取消；call up给打电话,使回忆起。2. At first Robert wouldnt let his

18、 daughter go diving, but eventually he _(gave in/dressed up/broke in/turned up) as she was so confident about her skills.【参考答案】gave in【解析】句意：起初,罗伯特不让他的女儿去潜水,但最终他让步了,因为她对自己的技术很自信。give in意为“屈服,让步”,符合语境。dress up打扮,装饰；break in破门而入,打断；turn up出现,调高(音量等)。3. Working with the medical team in Africa has _(hel

19、d out/brought out/picked out/given out) the best in her as a doctor. 【参考答案】brought out【解析】句意：在非洲与医疗队的合作使她作为一名医生的最佳素质彰显了出来。bring out意为“使显现,使表现出”,符合句意。hold out伸出手(或胳膊),维持,坚持；pick out挑选出,辨认出；give out分发。4. Parents should actively urge their children to _(gain admission to/keep track of/ take advantage o

20、f /give rise to) the opportunity to join sports teams.【参考答案】take advantage of【解析】句意：父母应该积极要求他们的孩子利用加入运动队的机会。take advantage of意为“利用”,符合语境。gain admission to获准的许可；keep track of记录,与保持联系；give rise to引起,导致。5. Many businesses started up by college students have _(fallen off/taken off/ turned off/left off)

21、thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation.【参考答案】taken off【解析】句意：很多大学生的创业项目获得成功是因为有良好的创业环境。take off意为“(计划、想法等)开始获得成功”,符合语境。fall off减少,下降；turn off关闭；leave off停止,中断。6. Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she _ (gave voice to/kept an eye on/ turned a deaf ea

22、r of/set foot on) her opinion on the subject.【参考答案】gave voice to【解析】句意：玛丽在讨论前期是保持沉默的,但是最后说出了自己对于这个问题的看法。give voice to意为 “表露心声”,符合句意。keep an eye on注意,照看；turn a deaf ear of 对充耳不闻；set foot on踏上。7. When their children lived far away from them, these old people felt _(carried away/broken down /cut off/brought up) from the world.【参考答案】cut off【解析】句意：当孩子们远离他们生活的时候,这些老人感到他们与世隔绝了。cut off意为“隔绝,切断”,符合语境。carry away带走,夺走；b