高考阅读方法详解

1、英语阅读讲解1、 历年高考英语阅读材料类型及题型归纳1. 材料类型：记叙文、说明文及应用文各出现几篇材料类型出现频率记叙文26篇说明文56篇应用文13篇2.题型归纳及举例出现频率2016201520142013201220112010200920082007总计细节26191720222124252426224猜词414234333330主旨1057365633452推理54255107910764在做阅读是，首先要做到1.带着问题阅读短文即先快速浏览题干2.找出主题句、确定中心思想。记叙文：阅读时要注意时间、地点人物及发生的故事。说明文：把我所说明的事物的特指和本质。应用文：应用文范围较广，

2、但题目一般以细节题为主。（1）细节题细节题是阅读理解中最多的题型，也是相对简单的一部分。细节题只针对某个特定的细节，一般分为：直接理解题：在原文中可以直接找到答案词义转换题：正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换细节题常见提问方式有：1.Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?2.It was found in the research that_3.Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?4. According to the author, th

3、e jealousy emotion is_从中我们可以提炼出一些共性：which/what.of according to. we can find that.When/where/how/what/why.等形式的疑问句做题方法一定位词法：在文中寻找题干中出现的定位词。定位词一般有：表示人民、地名等的专有名词；表示年份、数字、百分数等的数次；题干中出现的大写的名词等。例如：1. According to the author, the jealousy emotion is_.2. What is the effect of the hole in the ozone layer on A

4、ntarctica?3. We can know that before 1995 Mary_2 排除法错误选项的特征：张冠李戴、断章取义、过度猜测、已然变未然/未然变已然、与原文完全无关等1.We learn from the text that plants communicate with each other by_.A. making some soundsB. waving their leavesC. producing some chemicalsD. sending out electronic signals2.According to the writer, the mo

5、st amazing thing about the enose is that it can_.A. pick out ripe fruitsB. spot the insects quicklyC. distinguish different damages to the leavesD. recognize unhealthy tomato leaves练习You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed

6、below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?Jane Addams (1860-1935)Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区) by creating shelters and promoting educa

7、tion and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.Rachel Carson (1907-1964)If it werent for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of polluti

8、on and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the worlds lakes and oceans.Sandra Day OConnor (1930-present)When Sandra Day OConnor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senato

9、r（参议员）and ,in 1981, the first woman to join the U. S. Supreme Court. OConnor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.Rosa Parks (1913-2005)On December 1,1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rasa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her

10、simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,” said Parks.21. What is Jane Addams noted for in history?A. Her social work. B. Her teaching ski

11、lls.C. Her efforts to win a prize. D. Her community background.22. What was the reason for OConnors being rejected by the law firm?A. Her lack of proper training in law.B. Her little work experience in court.C. The discrimination against women. D. The poor financial conditions.23. Who made a great c

12、ontribution to the civil-rights movement in the US?A. Jane Addams. B. Rachel Carson.C. Sandra Day OConnor. D. Rosa Parks.24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?A. They are highly educated.B. They are truly creative.C. They are pioneers. D. They are peace-lovers.(2)猜词题猜词义题型考查学生上下

13、文理解能力.猜词题中常见的类型有：代词、陌生词、数词生义等。题型容易辨析,常见提问方式有：(1)The underlined word “ ” in Paragraph 6 refers to _(2)What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean? (3)Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1? (1) “.” as is used in the passage can best be def

14、ined as _.我们从中可以提炼出一些固定的标志词:underlined word,refers to,what does.mean,replace,be defined as等看到这些标志词，基本上可以判定这一题是属于猜词题。做题方法：一根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义在be，be called，call等判断词出现的判断句中，或定语从句及标点符号，可以根据已知部分，猜测生词的含义。例如： The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.通过理解定语从句的意思，能猜出herdsman是“牧人”。二根据对比

15、关系猜测生词的词义在but，however，yet，otherwise，though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显对比关系，根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如： Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对的便是“肮脏的”了，因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是“肮脏的”。三通过因果关系猜测词义because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词，so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词，so.that与such

16、.that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如：She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据because从句所讲的意思，我们就可推测trim就是“修剪”之意。四根据生活常识猜测词义运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。例如：Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根据句

17、子意思及生活经验，wither表示“枯萎”。五根据同等关系猜测词义同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是，这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如： At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从“年龄42岁”以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年时期”。六根据列举的事例猜测词义You can take any of the periodicals: “The World of English

18、”. “Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”, or “English Learning”. 从后面列举的例子中，可以猜出periodical是“期刊，杂志”的意思。七根据构词法知识猜测词义根据学过的构词法知识，知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如在2006年福建的高考题文章中有这样一句： The schools are reluctant to take off even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the da

19、y off.A.kindB.unwillingC. freeD.careless 【解题思路】通过破折号可知正确答案为B.练习1. 猜测下列划线句子的意思:(1) Peter loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.(2)Mother was tall and fat. The principal of the school was almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.(3)We must hang together,or we will be hanged separ

20、ately.(4)The wise never marry, and when they marry they become otherwise.2.选择正确的选项。（1）（江苏省2010高考二轮专题复习）Indeed,any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. The underlined ph

21、rase “stately homes” means_. A.state-owned houses B. houses in very good condition C. grand houses open to the public D. houses where statesmen meet regularly（2）We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. The underlined word “ally” most li

22、kely means somebody or something that is_ A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you C. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you（3）Fox was a university student in British Columbia when he became sick with bone cancer. Doctors had to amputate most of

23、his right leg. Which of the following is closest in meaning to “ amputate”? A. cure of B. cut off C. take away D. leave（4）People already use more than half of the worlds renewable fresh water. The word “ renewable” refers to the water that _. A. is fresh and new B. can be made new again C. can be ma

24、de clean and used again D. can always be replaced with new water. （5）Hundreds of years ago, much of the Holland was below sea level and was often flooded by the North Sea. This made the land swampy. What does the word “ swampy” mean?A. Dry and hard B. Deserted C. Soft and wet D. Rich （6）The children

25、 who have recently experienced a family breakup have a more difficult time with their study than children from normal consummate families. What does the word “consummate” mean? A. large B. wealthy C. complete D. poor（3）主旨这种题型要求考生能够把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法解题，难度较大，属于高层次题。一般主旨大意题分为

26、选择段落或文章的主题思想、标题和写作目的，1确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)常见的提问方式有：1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_.2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage?4) Whats the topic of the article?从中我们可以提炼出一些共性标志词/短语：Best title/headline entitled topic2.主题思想和写作目的常见提问方式有1

27、) What is the topic sentence of the passage?2)This article/text/passage mainly tells that _.3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?5)The purpose of the passage is_.从中我们可以提炼出一些共性标志词/短语：Mainly tells general/main idea of t

28、he passage the purpose 主旨大意题的错误选项有以下特点：以偏概全、扩大范围、强加观点、无关信息等做主旨题最主要的是把握文章的中心思想，此处有一些小技巧可以运用。从文章的写作结构来抓主题。很多文章的主题句要么出现在文章开头，要么出现在文章结尾，所以我们在阅读文章时要特别留意头开结尾，看中心句是否在其中。例如：主旨句在开头Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandpros

29、perity.Otherssaythatcompetitionisbaditsetsonepersonagainstanother;thatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.第71题：Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout？A.Competitionhelpstosetupself-respect.B.Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.C.Competitionisharmfultopersonalqualitydevelopment.D.Fail

30、uresarenecessaryexperienceincompetition.浏览文章，我们看到文中第一句“Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.”（现代社会，关于竞争有很多争议）便提出了文章的中心论点，所以答案为B。主旨句在结尾On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can. We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our

31、 families as well as to our friends by Internet. Whats more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving o

32、ur homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life. Whats the main idea of the passage？ A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net. C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. D. We can entertain ourselves on the Internet. 在浏览全文后，发现文章最后一句“The

33、Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.”（因特网在我们的生活中起着越来越重要的作用）是全文的主题句。A项（远离网络）与主题不符。B项（上网）过于笼统。D项（网上娱乐）只不过是短文中的一个细节，不全面。所以答案为C。练习Runners in a relay(接力)race pass a stick in one direction. However, merchants passed silk, gold, fruit, and glass along the Silk Road in more

34、than one direction. They earned their living by traveling the famous Silk Road.The Silk Road was not a simple trading network. It passed through thousands of cities and towns. It started from eastern China, across Central Asia and the Middle East, and ended in the Mediterranean Sea. It was used from

35、 about 200 B. C. to about A. D. 1300, when sea travel offered new routes (路线). It was sometimes called the worlds longest highway. However，the Silk Road was made up of many routes, not one smooth path. They passed through what are now 18 countries. The routes crossed mountains and deserts and had ma

36、ny dangers of hot sun, deep snow and even battles. Only experienced traders could return safe.The Silk Road got its name from its most prized product. Silk could be used like money to pay taxes or buy goods. But the traders carried more than just silk. Gold, silver, and glass from Europe were much f

37、ound in the Middle East and Asia.Horses traded from other areas changed farming practices in China. Indian merchants traded salt and other valuable goods.Chinese merchants traded paper, which produced an immediate effect on the West. Apples traveled from central Asia to Rome.The Chinese had learned to graft(嫁接)different trees together to m