文化共生现象（Cultural Symbiosis）

1、文化共生现象（Cultural Symbiosis）In the development of life on the earth, the relationship between the different species of organisms living in different species of plants with the same movement and plant distribution area.Living beings of different biological species can live side by side in the same move

2、ment and plant distribution area, but actually no one has any influence on anyone.Different species of organisms can compete to fight for their limited food reserves.Sometimes a species representative of the genus to another nest settle down, eat this kind of food (this is called inquilinism or inqu

3、ilinism, inquilinism, from Latin inquilinus - source in the nest, the symbiotic inquilinous.).The individual of one species can be another kind of food, and the other is a strong animal. Fierce beasts to capture their prey, kill it and eat it.The relationship between different species of organisms m

4、ay be like this: one species lives on another genus, and inevitably does harm to it. This is the relationship between parasitism and sacrifice. Sometimes parasites live in prey (host) organisms. The host ensures a constant living environment and food for the parasite. Parasites bring disease, someti

5、mes even death to the host.Will form a common way of life, is a species of the genus individual with another species and habitat (in some cases to the land of the organic host), get food from the host organism is concealed and shelter, and the possible migration. In this case, such parasitism does n

6、ot cause any harm or benefit to the host. This is a kind of interaction between called commensalism (commensalism, comes, derived from the Latin word ). The advantage of this interaction is the one sidedness.But there is also a close interaction type, where different species live together and benefi

7、t each other only. This complex was named symbiosis (symbiosis). We will note that the word symbiosis is sometimes applied widely, suitable for all the different types of species coexistence. In this case a symbiotic interaction type called mutualism (mutualism, mutuus, derived from each other, both

8、 sides). However, symbiosis and mutualism are commonly used as synonyms.Symbiosis in the plant world can be cited as an example of lichens, the symbiosis between algae and fungi (lichens are symbiotic fungi and algae, lichens absorb nutrients by fungal hyphae, and algae make organic compounds by pho

9、tosynthesis. If the fungi and algae in the lichen were separated, neither of them could live independently. (translation). A distinct example in the animal world is the coexistence of solitary shrimps and sea anemones: anemones protect solitary shrimps, camouflage them to protect enemies, while soli

10、tary shrimps ensure food and displacement movements of sea anemones. In some symbiotic situations, the symbiotic partner (symbiosis) loses its viability without symbiotic partners.The formation of symbiosis in the process of biological evolution under natural conditions is a rather persistent proces

11、s of looking for symbiosis and adaptation, and the process of mutual running in.With the emergence of Homo sapiens, the process did not stop. People, active active soil map to meet their needs, continue in the process, but different means, the rhythm is not the same - than in nature in the formation

12、 of natural symbiosis much faster and more. What people do, I call it cultural symbiosis. One of the obvious examples of cultural symbiosis is the friendly cooperation between man and horse. This kind of friendly cooperation is like a red line running through the whole civilization history.Cultural

13、and civilized human history totals no more than ten thousand years. Half of that time is spent with horses.The history of domesticated horses is longer than 5000 years, about three thousand years before the beginning of this century. But horses were not widely used at the beginning. Only set into a

14、group of transport heavy draught animals also had cattle and donkeys. The truck with big wheels is very heavy. You want to drag it.The need for strong animal - bullock. The mighty Bullock angle by means of the group a truck pulling cattle. But the cows are slow, stupid and slow. The little donkey wa

15、s clever and flexible, but he had no strength to pull the heavy lorry. These animals are good for their owners, but they are useless in the military. Pull the cattle heavy heavy trucks, long distance between the two points fast communication with the donkey. And horses are used to eat meat.About two

16、 thousand years before the era, soldiers on foot were armed with javelin and sword. The two armies met and watched each other, throwing javelin and wielding swords until one side started to escape. No chariots involved in military operations. It was armed with weapons, military supplies, and supplie

17、s, but a dozen of them couldnt be used.The prairie horse donkey is much, run fast. But for the first time in an attempt to use it to pull the car is not successful. The original car kills them, horses throat constricted belt suffocate it.Nomadic people in particular need quick and maneuverable trans

18、port. They found a light carriage. Two wheeled carriages - two wheeled wagons. Wheels can make a carriage walk where there is no road. And the wheel itself is much lighter - originally solid, now fitted with spokes - both lighter and firmer. The two wheels were fixed on a small, light platform with

19、only one person sitting on it. In this way, portable and fast transportation tools appeared in about 1800 years ago. Two wheeled vehicles are highly mobile.With the emergence of the light two wheeled carriage, the sudden attack of nomadic people was greatly improved. The inhabitants of settled villa

20、ges were powerless to confront the nomads who quickly attacked from all directions and quickly evacuated after plundering. The nomadic tribes, in this rapidly shifting manner, have made the peasants infantry in a state of distress.The nomads who originally used two wheeled vehicles were called Ritte

21、r people (tribes in Syria and Palestine in the early 3000 years before the 1000). They came down from the foothills of the Caucasus and came to the ancient Assyrian state. Lay the foundation of the great kingdom of Babylon Hammurabi (Hammurapi, 1750? Before, king of the kingdom of Babylon) after the

22、 death of the nomadic people of the ancient Assyrian Colts will torn chunks, into a separate small principality (equivalent to Duchy). For fear of a sudden call Ritter invaders will be quite distant area residents to the town. These cavalry marauders went to egypt. The Egyptians will they called the

23、 Hiker cable people (Hyksos, Hiker South Dynasty, 1816 century BC ruled Egypt, also known as the shepherd Dynasty). The Egyptians also had no chariot like the inhabitants of Mesopotamia (the bottom of South Asia, Griess, and the Euphrates Valley of Fala). They retreated because of fear. The northern

24、 half of the entire kingdom of Egypt was occupied by nomadic people. In addition, a group of nomadic tribes also mastered the military technology of using two wheeled carriage, penetrated into the eastern part of Asia minor. This is the hittites. The 1700 BC Hittites occupied the eastern part of Asi

25、a Minor, where he established the kingdom of the hittites. They are accepted by the Hittites conquered people civilization used the cuneiform writing system of their own.Around this time, Kassite people (Kassite) also mastered the technology of cart. The nomads of peace and tranquility soon became a

26、 conqueror. They invaded ur from the north and split it up. 1595 BC (Tahan moraby died after the 1.5 century Kassite people) (Kassite) occupied babylon. They settled there, accept the culture of babylon. Urban residents are equipped with new equipment for horsemanship and driving, and most nomads st

27、ill return to the past. Before the age of 1580, Egyptians drove Hiker men out of northern Egypt with the help of a two wheeled carriage.In this way, the horse has played an important role in the early history of human culture and in human civilization. To be exact, it is not the horse himself, but t

28、he union of man and horse, the cooperation of men and horses. The alliance is good for both sides. The caravan of people,And people cared about horses. The fruitful alliance mentioned above is not over.The horse was a fast animal at the time, but it wasnt a monster. Ancient paintings depict it as we

29、ll. It is lower than the height, somewhat similar to the familiar Ponima (80140 cm high pony). It can pull double car run fast, no what else. If you want it to pull a heavy load (like a metal machine), you can keep it abreast. This has gained momentum, but has lost mobility flexibility.So it went on

30、 for centuries. In the first 900 years of the century, almost all the rice cattle farmers (rice was a slave state in the northwestern mountains of Iran) developed a variety of tall horses. These horses can not only pull heavy carts, but also carry armed knights on their backs.Iran nationality. It ca

31、me down from the north and conquered a series of western territories on the Iran plateau. It was named Tai Mi for the large land in the east of the Caspian Sea and the east of the Jager Ross mountains. As to carry armed Knight mounts, the dramatic change of the ability of people. The two wheeled car

32、riage can only be used in areas where the ground is flat enough, and in the rough section, the cart may turn over. While sitting in the knights on horseback but across the hills, valleys, canyons, horse jumping, can meet the Pentium holding in the saddle, moving the bow, flexible use of various remo

33、te weapons (unlike a short-range combat such as guns, sword like weapons).The horses of great endurance were sent to the Assyrians as trophies. Their troops appeared in the new army, cavalry archers. They can quickly attack the enemy, move swiftly in hilly areas, chase and flee their enemies.A big,

34、strong endurance horses allow Assyrian improved postal communication (National Peoples Congress for the first time by Sumaier the era of 24 century ago in Mesopotamia, which is now established in southern Iraq Sumaier ancient national established). This made it possible for the Assyrians to consolid

35、ate the organization of the great empire. The great city (karaha Babylon, Kalah), the number of residents rose to thirty thousand people.Thats how people built up powerful horses. The horse also strengthens the human power, no horse can not do it.Then look at the further alliance of the men, and tra

36、nsfer the ideas to the ancient world. In ancient Greece, according to Solon (Solon, Athens legislator, about 640560 years ago era) regulations, the Knights formed the position is second social groups in Athens. They do not belong to the ancient aristocracy privileged class. But they serve the cavalr

37、y, and horses and weapons should be brought out immediately during the war. Later, in ancient Rome, knights were transformed into the second class (after the senator).To Alexander? Mark Donskoi (BC 356323) era as a weapon to fight two wheeled carriage has already withdrawn from the stage, become the

38、 history of the past. Alexander, twenty years old, became king of Macedonia (after his father, Philip II, was killed 336 years before the epoch), and effectively consolidated the army. His armys main combat formation is phalanx - a square array of fine infantry arrayed with lances. Mark Donskoi squa

39、re by 1.61.8 000 infantry columns composed of sections, a total of up to 24. The phalanx soldiers are trained in various combat situations (marching, drilling, attacking, attacking their opponents), with good mobility. Steel spear ready to attack from all aspects of up, the matrix can destroy the en

40、emy, but also in the face of the enemy invading his door. The gifted genius Alexander (his teacher is Aristotle) led his phalanx and cavalry units with small arms.In 334 BC, Alexander began to send troops to attack Persia, when the Persian Emperor was Darius III (DariusIII). Persia is one of the lar

41、gest empires in human history.This makes Darius have an enormous amount of advantage in front of all his rivals. Dariuss army, composed of millions of infantry and forty thousand cavalry, according to Greek historians. And Alexander had forty thousand infantry and seven thousand knights. In addition

42、 to his enormous quantity superiority, Darius also secretly prepared new cavalry weapons. He went back to the old chariot idea. But in the chariot of Darius, the sharp blade stood in two ways. These quickly ran on the blade of the chariot to cut the legs of the opposing infantry. And the blade of th

43、e attacking chariot shining in the sun should also make the opponents queue panic and flee helter skelter.But Alexanders commanding genius showed him the strategy of reason. Macedonian soldiers with arrows to meet the rapid Benz chariot on the Persian soldiers, and not panic, openly and carefully pu

44、t them out of the way, went to his rear to. Persian attack is over. Be angry Alexander square javelin straight to Darius and. The emperor of Persia was also defeated.However, then the phalanx seems to be a form of excessive rationalization in the battle queue. Phalanx is effective only in the open a

45、nd flat space, closely integrated into a unified whole, only there can be mobile scheduling. Replaced the Legion in the army of ancient Rome. The corps are flexible and maneuverable, and can be divided into 360600 infantry teams when necessary. Gaius Julius Caesar, 10044 BC, the age of the Legion is

46、 3 thousand infantry, 23 thousand knights and 45 thousands of Gaul tribal representatives composed of cavalry.In the middle of the 60s BC, Rome was governed by three people, namely, the three mens coalition formed three political powers to control the regime. These three people are Marcus Licinius C

47、rassus, Pompeii (Pompeius) and caesar. The wealth of 11553 was combined with the power of Pompeii and Caesars ingenuity. Crassus started for the Parthian war, in fact, Parthia has been on the Rome peace attitude, is located in the east of m too (Parthian Parthia this name might be Persian of the wor

48、d Persia dialect form).If the foundation is a Rome Army Corps, cavalry units so the Parthian army is very strong. The horse of Iran is the best horse in the world. The Knights are top-notch in riding skills and agility. They suddenly landed on the enemy, knocked him down, drove him away, and hit the

49、 place to hit again. The Parthian cavalry retreated even in time to appear so terrible: galloping at the signal immediately from the saddle, turned round and arrows like clouds generally toward chasing enemy flying.In addition to smart and highly mobile light cavalry, the Parthians also established

50、a heavily armed cavalry. Wearing the armor of the knights, armed with a heavy javelin or bow - this armor - riding on horseback is tall and muscular, the horse was only a Parthian talent. Horses are also equipped with armor protection. The heavy cavalry is certainly not very quick. But with a rumbli

51、ng roar of approaching enemy, almost no enemy arrows, but caused the enemy to panic.In 53 BC, the Rome army in Crassus led in the northwest of Mesopotamia near the city of Cara with the Parthians. The Parthians are waiting for the arrival of the romans. They met in this case, a small part is close t

52、o the Romans can only see the Parthian army. When they swooped forward convinced the attack the Romans, the Parthian Knight off the cloak, with gleaming armor. This is not a light cavalry, but equipped with heavy armor cavalry. The Rome cavalry attacked. To the surprise, the Parthians began to retre

53、at in the face of more flexible Rome light cavalry. Thats it.The Parthians will light cavalry on the Romans to seduce the Parthian, actually, regardless of the number or quality or skill, the horse, the cavalry cavalry is much stronger than Rome. As a result, the Romans were defeated. Most of their

54、soldiers, including even the sons of Crabbe, who commanded the Rome cavalry, were killed. The Parthians in pursuit of back part of Rome army, also chased and killed Mark? Liqinniya Crassus himself?. Romes prestige has disappeared.Then Rome was threatened with even greater threat. This is coming from

55、 the moment too. 408 years of this century the Visigoths (57 century Germanic Goths attacked Rome on the West Branch) under the leadership of alaric. In 410 ad, they arrived in Rome. The Huns invaded the territory of the Rome empire for 451 years. From these Guinea nomads before Asia worked on horse

56、back robbery and assault China. In the year 375 in the east to destroy the Gothic (Gothic East Germanic branch) countries, ethnic migration is the beginning of the. The nomadic Huns in their colts king Attila (Attila A.D. 406453) led to Western europe. Knights and horses form the same whole. The hor

57、se was the same as the knight service. See the situation is different, sometimes to the roof when the horse rider, sometimes when the table, sometimes as a quilt. The people along the way, the old world collapsed: Attila horse foot where there is grass. The Colts invasion, later is the vandals (a tr

58、ibe of ancient Roman day), all is the originator of Europes great changes, shifted from the feudal system.In the next few centuries, the power of the alliance of forces has clearly manifested itself elsewhere.In 1206, a man claiming to be Gen Gi Khan, is the ruler of all over the world, and became t

59、he Mongolia tribes United summit. The Mongols can expect to rule all over the world? Mongolians are no more than one million people, and there are countless, stronger and more civilized people around it. But Mongolia has faster horses and more capable knights, and their teams can quickly overcome huge distances and gather at predetermined locations. They will not lose each