表面热处理（Surface heat treatment）

1、表面热处理（Surface heat treatment）表面处理1.1表面处理（表面处理）表面处理的对象非常广泛，从传统工业到现在的高科技工业，从以前的金属表面到现在的塑料，非金属的表面。它使材料更耐腐蚀，更耐磨耗，更耐热，它使材料之寿命延长，此外改善材料表面之特性，光泽美观等提高产品之附加价值，所有这些改变材料表面之物理，机械及化学性质之加工技术统称为表面处理（表面处理）或称为表面加工（表面处理）。1.1.1金属表面处理（金属表面处理）金属经初步加工成型后需修饰金属表面，美化金属表面，更进一步改变金属表面的机械性质及物理化学性质等之各种操作过程，称之为金属表面处理。或称之金属表面加工（金属

2、表面处理）。1.2表面处理的目的表面处理的目的可以分四大类：（1）美观（外观）。（2）防护（保护）（3）特殊表面性质（特殊表面性能）（4）机械或工程性质（机械或工程性质）（1）美观（外观）为了提高制品之附加价值，赋予制品表面美观，例如装饰性电镀（装饰性电镀Au、Ag、Rh），Ni，Cr，黄铜等电镀（电镀）。（2）防护（保护）为了延长制品的寿命，再制品表面披覆（涂料）耐腐蚀之材料，例如保护性电镀（保）Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、Sn等电镀。（3）特殊表面性质（特殊表面性能）1。提高制品之导电性（电子电导），例如电镀银、Cu。2。提高焊接性（可焊性）在通讯急电子工业应用，例如锡铅合金电镀。三.提高光线

3、之反射性（光反射）例如宇宙飞船，人造卫星的外壳需反射光线，银及RH的镀层被应用上。4。减小接触阻抗（接触电阻）例如在电子组件之金及PD电镀。（4）机械或工程性质（机械或工程性质）1。提高制品之强度（强度），例如塑料电镀。2。提高制品之润滑性（轴承性质）例如多孔洛电镀（多孔铬电镀），内燃机之铝合金活塞（活塞），镀锡锡以防止汽缸（缸）壁刮伤。三.增加硬度（硬度）及耐磨性（耐磨），例如硬洛电镀（镀硬铬）。4。提高制品之耐热性，耐候性，抗幅射线，例如塑料，非金属之电镀。5。渗碳（渗碳），氮化（氮化）之防止，例如钢铁表面化（硬化）时在不要硬化部份镀铜。1.3表面处理之重要性表面处理工业虽然不是工业之主流

4、，但只有透过表面处理，制品的特性及价值才能充份发挥出来。应用电镀（电镀），阳极处理（阳极氧化），化成处理（耐腐蚀），涂装（涂料）等工业技术，达到防蚀，增进可焊性，润滑性，耐磨性，附着性及钢材防止渗碳等的多项目的。所以表面处理为各种加工制造工业不可或缺的过从传统工业到近代高科技，表面处理技术一直扮演非常重要性之角色。例如宇宙飞船，人造卫星，集成电路等之发展表面处理技术都有决定性之影响由于表面处理对材料月异，带动相关科技工程之进步。1.4表面处理技术之种类从表面处理之特性可分类：surface_ mechanical method _ shot peening, honing, cutting,

5、sanding, grinding, grinding, super processing.Noodles_ metallurgy _ surface hardening (quenching, carburizing, nitriding, diffusion coating method).shape_ chemical method _ electrolytic grinding, pickling, chemical grinding, acid etching.becomesurface_ is coated on the surface of _ electroplating, e

6、lectroless plating, hot dip, spray plating, vacuum evaporation, sputtering cathode,Noodles_ inorganic coating _ anodizing, coloring, chemical treatment, treatment of enamel.Phi_ organic coating _ coating, rubber lining, plastic lining.Status and problems of domestic surface treatment industry in 1.5

7、On the basis of 70 years of the Republic of China Administrative Institute of science and Technology Advisory Group report, the surface treatment industry, domestic about 4000, the electroplating industry accounted for about 1200, scattered across the province, the main production projects, industri

8、al electroplating, plating, hot dip plating, electroplating, chemical plating, hair color, painting, in surface the staff of 15000 to 20000 people, with professional knowledge level about 1000 to 1500 people.Supply of raw materials and equipment for 1.5.1The most expensive imported raw materials, pr

9、oduction equipment for the domestic, more valuable is the 75% test equipment imports. The high cost of domestic raw materials industry, a heavy burden, should try to improve, to prevent traders to manipulate the market, but also to encourage research and development and production of important raw m

10、aterials.Knowledge level of 1.5.2 practitionersThe general practitioners of the low level of knowledge and technology, short tube products lack the concept, difficult to have the research and development of new products, dependent only low labor, in order to survive. The relevant government units sh

11、ould hold regular seminars, to enable managers to acquire new knowledge become the research atmosphere, improve the technical level of in-service engineering personnel, encourage the use of construction cooperative education, training or on-the-job training, should also hold all kinds of technical e

12、xamination, and the provisions of the factory industry the job need to be served by the technician.The surface treatment of the added value of materials is very high, advanced countries have invested huge manpower and engaged in research and development, change rapidly makes the surface processing t

13、echnology, our country to catch up, bound from racing together bridle to bridle, education, set up at the surface of formal education in college physical talent, in order to have a strong development strength. Encourage schools and industry between the cooperative education, technical problems need

14、to be driven by the school, the school to add new equipment, enrich the teaching, actively cultivate professional talents, enterprises should employ higher education only amount of scientific and technical personnel, in order to increase research and development potential.1.5.3 production and manage

15、ment modeGeneral professional manufacturers small scale, mainly for the production order management system, no small factories, low level of education, the manpower, raw materials and energy caused no waste. The competition was Dachang underground factory malignant price, small plant should be the f

16、ocus of investment, with the beginning of camp, economical production equipment have. Should be eliminated timely replacement of automated processing equipment, to simplify management, improve production efficiency, stable quality, save labor, improve the international reputation of the products, an

17、d promote industrial upgrading.1.5.4 waste disposal and public nuisanceThe underground factory are serious pollution problems to the waste form and waste disposal system investment cost is very high, a small non surface treatment in general factory can afford to maintain it, according to the experie

18、nce and needs, that the establishment of professional surface treatment, processing waste, waste water, not only can reduce pollution, but also can control the underground factory.Imworkman 2007-5-9 06:551.5.5 Surface Treatment AssociationSurface treatment is a very important part in industrial deve

19、lopment, to avoid or prevent vicious competition or surface treatment of market manipulation, strengthen mutual cooperation with manufacturers, technology exchange, should fully play the association function, the industry to solve the difficult. The other should be equipped with a complete quality i

20、nspection center, centralized inspection, determination of Service Set Standard Specification for surface treatment, as the basis for the manufacturers improve the quality or quality assurance.Data of 1.5.6 surface treatment technologyAccording to the industry, the domestic technical information obt

21、ained and the lack of technology, difficult to break,A sound surface technology data processing center should be set up to provide new and sufficient information for the research developer and provide reference data for the introduction of foreign techniciansDevelopment direction of domestic surface

22、 treatment industry in 1.6Technology of surface treatment industry by the domestic rarely, mostly depends on the business of foreign manufacturers representatives or agents. The introduction of the most advanced technology is not often or just locally, so that their product quality is inferior to th

23、e inevitable product of the reputation and the added value is difficult to improve. The domestic academic institutions have been doing research for a long time the independence of the upgrading of the domestic industrial desire, improve the added value of goods, it is necessary to improve the surfac

24、e treatment technology, to support the metal manufacturing industry, machinery industry, electronic industry task.1.6.1 decorative plating (decorative plating)The main purpose of improving the appearance of the decorative plating products, increase the added value of products, the main products such

25、 as necklaces, brooches, earrings and other jewelry, legally registered decorative electroplating factory is less than 1/10, the underground small factory without tax, wastewater treatment costs, resulting in a small factory to eat large factory, vicious spiral bad money drives out good anti out of

26、the direction of development should be added. So the new equipment for manufacturers to improve the technical level, improve product quality, strengthen the crackdown on illegal and natural hazards, make small factory or Amoy merger can further develop.1.6.2 engineering electroplating (Engineering p

27、lating)The purpose of the project is to increase the corrosion resistance of electroplating products, prolong the service life, improvement of mechanical properties. Now many precision molds cannot use mechanical processing, also use the plating method, called electroforming (electroforming). The la

28、rge scale, many operations by automation, more attached to the large-scale large machinery manufacturing factory.Independent engineering electroplating factory has been large machine metal factory have long-term processing contract, the vicious competition with decorative plating, bamboo Qiang and a

29、 economic development, engineering level of electroplating technology must strive for self-improvement, the development of the project is to support the use of electroplating materials have a brilliant future huge number, so the problem of pollution of waste disposal pay special attention to, the sl

30、ightest mistake will cause pollution get out of hand.General small factory to save money without waste treatment equipment, or only for the visit of inspection, waste of investment, ignoring the security staff and environment and health. So the future development direction for how to help make these

31、 small factories with initial introduction or research and development is more economical and effective new technology for electroplating chemicals engineering. Such as the properties of plating additives for foreign suppliers of raw materials, secret, profit is very high, if long-term study will re

32、search on the development of successful alternatives to reduce their cost of electroplating industry.1.6.3 tin plating (tin plating)Tin production should go to the high rate of continuous production direction, only the use of highly automated equipment can save energy and continuous wages rising. Th

33、is equipment domestic design and manufacture, to introduce technology from abroad in recent years, the use of aluminum cans, aluminum foil, plastic bottles, wax cartons, glass bottles and other materials are becoming more and more popular, accounted for oftinned big market especially some tin produc

34、tion developing countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia has begun production of tin, and gradually changed Wuxi tin (tin free steel) of the trend.1.6.4 hot dip galvanized (zinc hot dip coating)Galvanized steel sheet are electroplating type galvanized steel sheet and hot dip type

35、 steel sheet, the hot dip type majority, galvanized steel sheet with excellent corrosion resistance and low price. Mainly for the purpose of building such as a roof plate (roofing), (siding), billboards, air pipe, followed by electric device and mechanical industry. Domestic galvanized steel sheet i

36、ndustry should be the elimination of obsolete equipment update, the new way of continuous hot dip galvanizing production, high yield, good quality products, wide applicability, low cost and with high corrosion resistance, coating ductility, resistance to heat, welding and beautiful color painting ne

37、eds to improve the product quality. Such as iron zinc alloy developed coating, galvanized and aluminum single difference, galvanized zinc alloy plating surface.1.6.5 anode treatment (anodizing)Aluminum is anodized aluminum metal surface by the action of current to form a layer of oxide film, hard we

38、ar-resisting, high corrosion resistance, beautiful color. Aluminum Alloy itself, easy processing, high strength, uses a wide range of Lei and T positive products for the processing of aluminum windows and doors, furniture, cameras and instrument shell parts manufacturing aluminum. A processing indus

39、try is also growing, aluminum processing has considerable market potential. YangFor example, the development of hard anodizing anodic treatment (hard anodizing), is also useful in low temperature current AC / DC and used anodic aluminum anodizing. This hardening treatment can be used for piston, cyl

40、inder, cylinder liner, hydraulic machine and turbine parts, valve, gear, gun parts, clutch, brake (brake, disk) - see machines and tools. The bath temperature, current density, solution composition for automatic control to strict quality control of finished products to the customer requirements. The

41、 introduction of foreign technology and automation needs a lot of money, so at the same time to insight into the potential foreign markets to achieve sequential automation.1.6.6 coating (coating)The coating industry growth still should continue to expand, should try to ban underground factories to r

42、educe pollution to protect the legitimate manufacturers, to avoid vicious competition. User education pay more attention to the value of surface treatment technology, improve the coating quality. Major manufacturers requirements should strive to develop advanced products and not just complain about

43、low small plant competition. The development trend of most the powder coating, to save energy and reduce pollution. The solvent and non solvent coating and energy type (UV hardening, low temperature hardening) of new products of Chinas coating industry should catch up.Imworkman 2007-5-9 06:55Propert

44、ies of 5.1 nickel(1) color: silver white, yellow(2) crystalline structure: FCC(3) specific gravity: 8.908(4) atomic weight: 58.69(5) atomic order: 28(6) electronic configuration: 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P6 3d8 4S2(7) melting point: 1457 C(8) boiling point: 2730 C(9) resistance: 6.84 uohs-cm(10) tensile str

45、ength: 317 Mpa(11) electrolytic nickel has higher hardness(12) chemical stability in the atmosphere is not easy to discolor, and is oxidized more than 600 C(13) the solution is not dissolved(14) the corrosion resistance of nickel is stronger than that of copper, and copper products should be plated

46、with nickel(15) nickel is easy to dissolve in dilute nitric acid, but it is not easy to dissolve in concentrated nitric acid(16) the dissolution of nickel in sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid is slower than that in dilute nitric acid(17) the standard potential of nickel is -0.25 volts, which is hi

47、gher than that of iron, and belongs to cathodic coating for iron and steelOnly full coverage of nickel can protect against rust(18) nickel is easy to polish and can be used as an intermediate layer for electroplating(19) when the nickel is deficient, the copper tin alloy can be used instead5.2 nicke

48、l plating projectThe properties and appearance of nickel coating can be controlled and the range of operation is wide, so it is widely used in decorative Engineering electroplating and electroforming(1) the characteristics of mirror glossEngineering nickel plating is used for anticorrosion, wear res

49、istance, weldability, magnetism and other special coatingsNickel electroforming is the manufacture of all nickel parts and articles by electroplating, such as nickel tools and moulds,The mold plate (record stampers), record, seamless tube, ranyin network (printing screens) plating reaction is Ni+2e-

50、Ni, which is Ni by the nickel salt solution provided by nickel anode to supplement and anode efficiency is nearly 100%, greater than the cathodic current efficiency of ion plating bath and so Ni pH will have to bring out, though (drag-out) can increase the Ni offset, but sometimes still lack of water and other ingredients to regulate the bath composition, and adding acid to maintain the pH value of nickel pl