生物柴油 biodiesel=.

1、Biodiesel and Renewable diesel Development and Perspective Intruduction and Defination Biodiesel History Dr. Rudolf Diesel developed the diesel engine in 1912 and designed it to run on peanut oil花生油. It is can be easily used in unmodified diesel engines. Its first production on a commercial scale in

2、 Germany, in 1991.Biodiesel is now the fastest growing alternative fuel in Europe. In 2003, Germany,France, Austria and Italy produced over two billion litres of biodiesel. In the U.S., a blend of 20% biodiesel with 80% petro-diesel (referred to as B20) is quite widely used, and 15 states have passe

3、d legislation favourable to biodiesel. Almost all of the biodiesel that is used in Europe and the US comes from agricultural crops grown specifically for this purpose. Canadas first and only biodiesel service station was opened by Topia Energy Inc. in Toronto on March 2nd, 2004. Whats Biomass Biomas

4、s is regenerative再生的organic material used for energy production. Sources for biomass fuel include terrestrial 陆生 and aquatic 水生vegetation, agricultural and forestry residues, and municipal and animal wastes. Biomass can be converted into solid, liquid or gaseous energy sources, which allows a wide r

5、ange of applications. It can be: burned directly to produce heat and/or electricity, converted biochemically to produce liquid fuel; digested or gasified to produce gaseous fuel; and finally, pyrolized to produce oils and high value chemicals. Some examples of bioproducts in Canada are: bio-diesel;

6、ethanol; industrial plant-based oil products (such as fertilizers, plastics); plant-made industrial products (such as composites); modified proteins; adhesives and resins; solvents and lubricants.（溶剂、润滑剂） Whats Bio-oil/Biofuel Bio-oils are produced from the pyrolysis of various biomass feedstocks su

7、ch as hardwoods and softwoods, grasses and agricultural residues. Bio-oil from pyrolysis of wood is a brown, free-flowing liquid comprised of highly oxygenated compounds and has a density of 1.2 kg/litre. With fast pyrolysis biomass waste is rapidly heated in the absence of oxygen, vaporized, and th

8、en condensed into liquid fuel. Its heating value is 40% of diesel by weight and 55% by volume. Whats Biofuels / Biodiesel Biofuels are fuels made from biological products. Two examples are ethanol and biodiesel. Biodiesel can be made from bio-oil by upgrading process, such as transesterification(转酯交

9、换 ), cracking or hydrotreating(加氢), etc. Biodiesel is generally produced by chemical purification（精制） of natural hydrocarbon products, for example vegetable oil, tallow（油 脂）, or cooking oil. This product has similar properties to diesel and can be used in normal diesel engines. It can be used as a d

10、iesel (B100) or as a blend with normal diesel, normally at 20% (B20). Shortcomings: Biodiesel is more expensive to produce than normal diesel at current crude prices unless the base stock is a waste material. And its cold temperature properties may be an issue. ROUTE Renewable diesel. Besides the af

11、orementioned term second generation biodiesel, the terms green diesel and renewable diesel have been used interchangeably for petrodiesel-like fuels derived from biological sources. Perspective Increases Availability, Reduces Feedstock Cost Technology Breakthroughs Required Perspectives for future e

12、nergy Macromarket Summary Global energy demand is expected to grow at CAGR （复（复 合年增长率）合年增长率）2.1%. Fossil fuels are expected to supply 83% of energy and 95% of liquid transportation needs. Biofuels are expected to grow at 8 - 12%/year. Growth of Alternative Fuels will have Major Impact on Petroleum R

13、efining Jennifer Holmgren, Biofuels:Unlocking The Potential, ERTC 12th Annual Meeting Barcelona, Spain 19-21 November, 2007 Coal to liquid (CTL) Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) Gas-to-liquid (GTL) MBPD-Million Barrels Per Day 万桶(一桶为159升 ) Incentives for Biofuel Potential impact of biofuels Energy supply Ref

14、ining industry Biofuels issues Sustainability Financial Environmental Social Biofuels potential Technologies: Current and Future Road-map to success The diesel advantage: lower GHG emission Biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels offer a variety of energy security, economic and environmental benefits.

15、biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels can reduce emissions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Diesel vehicles are naturally 20-40 percent more energy efficient than gasoline vehicles resulting in a 10-20 percent reduction in GHG emissions. Using biodiesel and renewable diesel fu

16、els can further reduce carbon dioxide emissions anywhere from 20-60 percent. Renewable Diesel Fuels , ,MeetCleanDiesel New fuel contributing to reductions in greenhouse gases Because the biodiesel is made from carbon taken out of the biosphere. It adds no new carbon and so does n

17、ot add to greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable diesel fuels or Biodiesel contribute to not only reductions in greenhouse gases but also particulate matter. Compared to regular diesel, pure biodiesel (B100) produces a 73% reduction in lifecycle CO2 emissions, a 67% reduction in unburned hydrocarbons,

18、a 48% reduction in carbon monoxide, a 47% reduction in particulate matter, a 100% reduction in sulphur oxide emissions, and an 80% reduction in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which can cause cancer and emphysema. Biodiesels only downside is up to a 10% increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. Diesel

19、 Properties from different sources 链烷烃 异链烷烃 烯烃 油精 芳香烃 Benefits and perspectives B100 (pure/neat 100% biodiesel) is a very clean burning, non-toxic fuel, offering significant benefits over fossil fuels. A B20 (20% B100 + 80% petro-diesel) blend is the most common to date in North America Engines that

20、 use biodiesel last longer due to its inherent lubrication quality. B2 is popular as a lubricant due to a high lubricity rating. When blended into an existing petroleum diesel pool, the high cetane and low density of green diesel can enhance the pools performance characteristics, resulting in 50% im

21、provements in lifecycle GHG emissions when compared to petroleum. With time and continued technological advances, biodiesel and renewable diesel fuels will be able to displace a growing amount of our current petroleum diesel usage. Other possible advantages over biodiesel improved ignition (higher c

22、etane 十六烷 level) less susceptibility（敏感性） to freezing in cold weather (lower cloud point) higher renewable content greater fuel stability which enhances storage abilities a larger choice of feedstock lower NOx and GHG emissions. Enablers for a Sustainable Biomass Infrastructure（基本结构）（基本结构） Cellulosi

23、c waste could make a significant contribution to liquid transportation pool. Algal （海藻）（海藻）Oils could enable oils route to biodiesel, Green Diesel and JP-8 (military jet fuel). Source: Purvin 84:105965. 2 Lide DR, editor-in-chief. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 88th ed. CRC Press; 2008. 3 Knothe

24、 G, Dunn RO, Vaughn III SF, Isbell TA. A comprehensive evaluation of the melting points of fatty acids and esters determined by differential scanning calorimetry. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2009;86:84356. 4 Knothe G. Designer biodiesel: optimizing fatty ester composition to improve fuel properties. Energy Fu

25、els 2008;22:135864. 5 Knothe G, Bagby MO, Ryan III TW. Cetane numbers of fatty compounds: influence of compound structure and of various potential cetane improvers. In: SAE Technical Paper Series 971681; 1997. 6 Knothe G, Matheaus AC, Ryan III TW. Cetane numbers of branched and straight-chain fatty

26、esters determined in an ignition quality tester. Fuel 2003;82:9715. 7 Moser BR, Knothe G, Vaughn III SF, Isbell TA. Production and evaluation of biodiesel from field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oil. Energy Fuels 2009;23:414955. New categorization of biofuels based on the date of their penetratio

27、n and chronology of their application Production of Biodiesel Biodiesel Production Cycle Model Mike Boyd, Anita Murray-Hill, Kees Schaddelee, Eco-Literacy Canada,Biodiesel in British Columbia - Feasibility Study Report, April 27, 2004 Biomass vs. Biofuel BiomassPyrolysisStabilization Deoxygenate Oth

28、er Refinery Processes Gasoline Diesel Jet Chemicals UOP 4856I Biofuel Combined hydrogen production (optional equipment) and purchase scenario diagram with temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate results. M.M. Wright et al. / Fuel 89 (2010) S2S10 Pyrolysis of biomass As bio oil and thermal cracking

29、, pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical conversion process that decomposes biomass in the absence of oxygen (and combustion). The process is conducted at lower temperatures (500-600) compared to gasification, resulting in lower energy costs. As the off-gases cool, the liquids coagulate, resulting in a mixt

30、ure of oil with low viscosity and 15-20% water. Envergent uses what is called fast pyrolysis to turn agricultural, forestry, and post-consumer waste into the bio-oil. Whats HTU? ( Heat Transfer Unit“) Typical Soybean Oil Methyl Ester Profile Fatty Acid Weight Percent Mol. Wt. Formula Palmitic 12.0 2

31、70.46 C15H31CO2CH3 Stearic 5.0 298.52 C17H35CO2CH3 Oleic 25.0 296.50 C17H33CO2CH3 Linoleic 52.0 294.48 CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7 CO2CH3 Linolenic 6.0 292.46 CH3(CH2CH=CH)3(CH2)7 CO2CH3 Producing method Biodiesel is produced by chemically reacting vegetable based oils, animal fats, or waste cookin

32、g oils with an alcohol (usually methanol) using either sodium or potassium hydroxide or sodium methoxide as a catalyst. The conversion results in pure/neat biodiesel (referred to as B100) with crude glycerine as a coproduct. Transesterification of virgin seed oils The process for producing biofuel i

33、s called esterification and produces a product containing about 10% oxygen. Biodiesel is produced by chemically re-acting an alcohol (usually methanol, occasionally ethanol) with vegetable based oils, animal fats, or waste cooking oils, using either sodium methoxide, sodium hydroxide, or potassium h

34、ydroxide as a catalyst. The most common process for producing biodiesel from virgin seed oils is the transesterification of fatty acid glycerol esters into methyl esters with one of the aforementioned base catalysts. From an overall ideal material balance standpoint, about 0.1 kilogram of methyl alc

35、ohol reacts with 1 kilogram of oil to form approximately 1 kilogram of biodiesel and about 0.1 kilogram of crude glycerin. Biodiesel transesterification Biodiesel is made by chemically altering an organic oil (typically vegetable oil) through a process called transesterification. Essentially, the pr

36、ocess thins down the oil to allow it to run in an unmodified diesel engine. MEGTEC: Biodiesel Plant Process Systems Methanol recovery in excess of 99% Methanol purity levels of 99.9% Biodiesel solvent purification to ASTM standards Crude glycerin refining Design and supply of: Distillation columns E

37、vaporators Liquid extraction and wash columns Flash Columns Adsorption (activated carbon) vessels Liquid dryers Key biomass energy conversion technologies of CanmetENERGY Six key biomass energy conversion technologies are under study at CanmetENERGY: Combustion : convert forestry and agricultural re

38、sidues and pulp and paper residues into heat and power under environmentally sound conditions; Gasification : conversion of forestry and agricultural residues and municipal wastes into syngas, a fuel and/or chemical feedstock; Pyrolysis : conversion of forestry and agricultural residues into bio-oil

39、s and value added products; Fermentation : conversion of starch and cellulose components in biomass to bio- ethanol Transesterification : conversion of variety of new and used vegetable oils; tall oils; and other agricultural crops and residues into bio-diesel Anaerobic Digestion : conversion of man

40、ures, food processing residues and organic fraction of municipal wastes into methane rich biogas Opurtunity for Renery Co-processing Green Oil What are renewable fuels? Role of upgrading ! Renewable Fuels Creation Process Problem: standard, consumption levels, production levels Second-generation hyd

41、rotreating technologies offer solutions to these problems and greater promise for substantial replacement of petroleum diesel with renewable alternatives. Renewable Diesel Fuels , ,MeetCleanDiesel Refining: The Changing Dynamics Biofuels Challenge Could Become an Opportunity Impa

42、ct on Refinery Margins Assume: 150 KBPD, European refinery Goal: Meet EU 5.75% then 10% energy substitution Key Findings: More FAME required to meet energy content Jet must be blended in FAME cases to meet EN 590 Enables Cost Neutral Compliance Green diesel enables blending LCO Outcome: -Expands die

43、sel pool -Premium margin for Green Diesel $15 million/year 5.75% $40 million/year 5.75% with LCO blending Transportation fuels and petroleum fuelled, biorenewable fuelled (ReFueled), and biorenewable electricity (ReElectrity) powered vehicles Ayhan Demirbas,Biorefineries: Current activities and futu

44、re developments,Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 27822801 Schematic diagram of biorefinery concept. Ayhan Demirbas,Biorefineries: Current activities and future developments,Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 27822801 Fractionation of plant biomass Separation of plant biomass into c

45、ellulose product and lignin stream Fractionation of wood and chemicals from wood Ayhan Demirbas,Biorefineries: Current activities and future developments,Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 27822801 Gasification-based thermochemical biorefinery Ayhan Demirbas,Biorefineries: Current activities and future developments,Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 27822801 Classification of biomass conversion processes Ayhan Demirbas,Biorefineries: Current activities and future developments,Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 27822801 Thermochemical processes Biomass thermal conversio