浙江大学英语考博真题和参考答案

1、2014年浙江大学考博真题和参考答案1. 听力 part a 原文： in my opinion, technology has become too advanced. i am 17-years-old, and i can still remember a time when i did not have a computer in my home, and if you did, it was uncommon. not until the mid-1990s was it common for（middle class families） to have computers. in

2、our society today, almost every single family has at least one computer if not more, and these computers are incredibly advanced compared to what youd have had in your home a short ten years ago. over the years, i have seen technology bloom; all i have known my entire lifetime, is that there is goin

3、g to be something bigger, i should really say smaller, and better （out on the market） in no time. i cant believe how fast manufacturers are coming out with new technology. what will happen in the future, will technology become so advanced is changes the course of our humanity? you can do everything

4、you want from a computer, work, play,（talk to friends）, research, and even order food! a person could live their entire life jammed up in a room with a computer, and they would have access to everything they need! it is insane! the advances in communication technology are blowing up all over the pla

5、ce as well. i, myself just bought a new camera phone, and this phone is amazing. the picture quality is superb, and not only that but i （have access to the） internet on my phone! i cant believe how the cell phone market has so drastically increased. the first phone i ever had was five years ago, whe

6、n i was 12 years old. that phone today would be considered huge, clunky, heavy, and old. i personally couldnt even imagine myself walking around with that phone （without being embarrassed）. it just goes to show how much things have changed in five years, and people just keep on taking it all in. eve

7、ry time i have bought a new phone since that point, six months later, i have wanted a new one because my phone was not up to date. can you believe it, after not even a year a phone can completely go off the market because it is not advanced enough? the manufacturers are putting these things out fast

8、er than people can buy them.2. 听力 part b 原文括号内为答案it is an honor to speak with you today on the issue of（ public health disparities）. i would first like to thank the organizations that made this event possible. this has truly been a collaborative effort among a diverse group of constituents. i think

9、this sets a positive tone and precedent for a healthy and spirited discussion. as many of you may know, reforming and improving our health care system is an issue that is close to my heart. i believe that in the richest and most powerful country in the world, we ought to be able to provide （basic he

10、alth care）to all of our citizens. it is vitally important that we lessen the impact and burden of illness on all people in communities, regardless of race, gender, or religions. our discussions today are critically important to rectify the injustices that many people face in our current health care

11、system. todays sessions have a greater purpose than mere discussions and networking opportunities-todays conference signifies an increased and （necessary call for action） among our regions top health professionals. public health is directly connected to poverty, income, education, and community. we

12、cant look at health care in a silo and assume it is only a luxury for the well off. health care needs to be provided to all people of all color. we are morally responsible for （improving the disparities in health care） because a healthy society is the foundation on which we build our schools, our ne

13、ighborhoods, and our economy. health care is not a privilege-it is a right. i know we have along road to travel in achieving equality in health status. i know that everyone here knows this. and i am hopeful that perhaps more people than ever are （finally waking up to this reality）.part c1 原文 3个选择题th

14、ere were very few places in the world that jules verne, the writer, did not visit. he went round the world a hundred times or more. once he did it in eighty days, unheard of in the nineteenth century. he voyaged sixty thousand miles under the sea, toured around the moon, exploded the center of the e

15、arth, and chatted with natives in australia. jules verne, the man, was a stay-at-home. he was more likely to be tired from writing than from traveling. he did make a few visits to europe and north africa. and he made one six-week tour of new york state. but that was all. he spent less than one of hi

16、s seventy-seven years really traveling. yet he was the worlds most extraordinary tourist. his books are crowded with hunting and fishing expeditions. jules actually went hunting only once. then he raised his gun and shot off the guards hat! he never held a test tube in his hand. but he was an inspir

17、ation to the scientist in the laboratory. long before radio was invented, he had tv working in his books. his name for it was phono-telephoto. he had helicopters fifty years before the wright brothers flew their first plane at kitty hawk. in fact, there were few wonders of the twentieth century that

18、 this man of the nineteenth century did not foresee. in his stories you can read about neon lights, moving sidewalks, air-conditioners, sky-scrapers, guided missiles, tanks, electrically operated submarines, and air-planes,and so on.第一个问题 问这个人是干什么的 选the writerpart c2 原文 第2篇 3个选择题very old people do r

19、aise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with them. their valuesthis cant be repeated too oftenare not necessarily our values. physical comfort, cleanness and order are not necessarily the most important things. the social services from time to time find themselves faced with a f

20、lat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying alone in bed, taking no notice of the worms. but is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of? some social workers, the ones who cl

21、ear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of personal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old. indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. the body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. y

22、ou can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare parts. but never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results will be. and at what point should you stop to treat the old body? is it morally right to try to push off death by seeking the developmen

23、t of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, knowing that it is designed to die? you cant ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try, on the principle that while theres life, t

24、heres hope.第三篇animals do not possess a language in the true sense of the word. in the higher vertebrates, as also in insects, particularly in the socially living species of both great groups, every individual has a certain number of inmate movements and sounds for expressing feelings. it has also in

25、nate ways of reacting to these signals whenever it sees or hears them in a fellow-member of the species. the highly social species of birds such as the jackdaw or the graylag goose, have a complicated code of such signals which are uttered and understood by every bird without any previous experience

26、. the perfect co-ordination of social behaviour which is brought about by these actions and reactions conveys to the human observer the impression that the birds are talking and understanding a language of the own. of course, this purely innate signal code of an animal species differs fundamentally

27、from human language, every word of which must be learned laboriously by the human child. moreover, being a genetically fixed character of the speciesjust as much as any bodily characterthis so-called language is, for every individual animal species, ubiquitous in its distribution. obvious though thi

28、s fact may seem, it was, nevertheless, with something akin to nave surprise that i heard the jackdaws in northern russia “talk” exactly the same, familiar “dialect” as my birds at home in altenberg. the superficial similarity between these animal utterances and human languages diminishes further as

29、it becomes gradually clear to the observer that the animal, in all these sounds and movements expressing its emotions, has in no way the conscious intention of influencing a fellow member of its species. this is proved by the fact that even geese or jackdaws reared and kept singly make all these sig

30、nals as soon as the corresponding mood overtakes them. under these circumstances the automatic and even mechanical character of these signals becomes strikingly apparent and reveals them as entirely different from human words.二.（15题，15分）单选题（顺序打乱了）the two friends sat in a corner and _b_ away to each

31、other about the weatheratalkedbchatted cmuttered dwhisperedhe is going to _d_ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minuteaspeak btalk cremark daddressalthough not an economist himself, dr. smith has long been a severe critic of the governments _a_ policies.a. economic b. economical c. ec

32、onomy d. economicsthere are not many teachers who are strong _c_of traditional methods in english teaching.a. sponsors b. contributors c. advocates d. performersa friendship may be _b_ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.a. identical b. superficial c. critical d. originalnobody yet knows how l

33、ong and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _c_ down the economy.a. put b. settle c. drag d. knockwe are _d_ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force.a. equal b. adequate c. considerate d. sympatheticpeople were surprised to find that mr. johnson h

34、ad the ability to _b_ everything he was involved in.a. prevail b. dominate c. preside d. instructyou can do it if you want to, but in my opinion its not worth the _d_ it involves.a. force b. trial c. attempt d. effortthe manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for _d_ her attitude toward

35、 customers.a. straightforward b. partial c. favorable d. hostileyou must pack plenty of food for the journey. _d_, you will need warm clothes, so pack them too.a. equally b. incidentally c. inevitably d. likewisethis _b_ was conducted to find out how many people prefer rice.a. examination b. survey

36、c. inspection d. testas a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals _b_ a substance to absorb harmful chemicalsa. relieve b. release c. dismiss d. discardhe said that very clearly so that nobody was in any_b_ about what was meant.a. wonder b. doubt c. question d. consideration三.完

37、形填空（20题 20分）throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. but people now live longer than they (1) . yet, all living things still show the (2) of aging, which will eventually (3) death. aging is not a disease, （4）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body

38、 and the (5) they form do not function as well as they did in childhood and teenage years. the body provides less (6) against disease and is more (7) to have accident. a number of related causes may (8) aging. some cells of the body have a （9） long life, but they are not (10) when they die. as a per

39、son ages, (11) of brain cells and muscle cells decreases. other body cells die and are（12）by new cells. in an aging person the new cells may not be as workable or as capable (13) growth as those of a young person. another (14) in aging may be changes within the cells(15). some of the protein chemica

40、ls in cells are known to change with age and become less elastic. this is (16) the skin of old people wrinkles and hangs loose. this is also the reason why old people (17) in height. there may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. some complex cell chemicals, （18） dna and rna, store

41、 and (19) information that the cells need.aging may affect this (20) and change the informationcarrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.1.c awould bbe used to cused to d used 2.b afunction beffect caffect d sign 3.d alead in bgive in crun into d result in 4.but5.d ahan

42、ds bfeet cheart d organs 6.b aenergy bprotection cvigor d power 7.a alikely bprobable cpossible d alike 8.b aattend to bcontribute to cadd to d devote to 9.fairly10.a areplaced breborn crecovered d surrendered 11.c aa number bthe amount cthe number d a great deal 12.replaced13.c ato bfor cof d in 14

43、.a afactor beffect creason d element 15.c afor themselvesbof themselves cthemselves don their own 16.why17.b aincrease bshrink clengthen d decrease18.such as 19.d apass away bpass by cpass off d pass on 20.d aimprovement bprocession capproach d process四阅读（4篇，20分）阅读第一篇in the same way that a child mus

44、t be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes pla

45、ce. one kind of learning is called classical conditioning. this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he lear

46、ns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.the second kind of learning is called operant conditioning. this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishment

47、s. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.every day, we grow and have new experiences.

48、 we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, s

49、uch as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.1. the authors main purpose in writing the

50、 passage is to _b_.a) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionb) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningc) give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learningd) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative

51、feelings are produced2.if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though _b_ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) neither of themd) some other sorts of

52、conditioning3. if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through _a_.a) classical conditioningb) operant conditioningc) both of themd) neither o

53、f them4. in the third paragraph, the author is _d_.a) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayb) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningc) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so ond) using examples to

54、 further illustrate learning through classical conditioning5. in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _c_.a) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsb) the third kind of learningc) further examples of learning through operant conditioningd) none of th

55、e above阅读第2篇， do we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? if so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. both products have been known to kill people. the hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of

56、 smiking too many cigarettes. all right then, lets pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. lets put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million americans currently suffer-alcoholism. but wait. weve already tried that. for 13 years, betwe

57、en 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the united states. they were shut down abilished by an amendment to the constitution and by a law of congress. after january 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of intoxicating liquors. without any more liquor, people could not drink it. and if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? there would be no mor