名词性从句和定语从句

1、11Attributive Clause一复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句，即定语从句（后置于名词） 被定语从句所修饰的词为卷程溟【分裂式定: I have an aunt in London who never write to me. 从句中人称、数、形式需与先行词保持一致主谓一致） He who does notjeach the Great Wall is not a tme man He is one of the students who go to Beijmg.He is the （ only） one of the students who goes to Bei

2、jing.not the only one of = one of二. 磁性定从 一修饰限制先行词，省去后原句意义表达不完整；前无逗号） 菲翊性定从一补充说明先行词，省去后原句意义不受影响前有逗号） He has two sons, who work in the same company.He has two sons who work in the same company.引导定语从句关系词，关系代词:wluch that who whom whose as关系副词: when wheie why主句完整，从句不完整（缺主语、宾语、定语）”关系代词 主句完整，从句完整 f关系副词（缺状语

3、）或介词+whicli/whom从句完整：when、wheie、why介词 十which /whom （介词选用原则） 分析从句；缺定语（the）: whose，从句不完整:缺人：who/whom （区分）缺主/宾/表：缺物：which/that （区分） 缺人/物：as （两个用法）四.关系代词 （A/B/C :主宾D：定语）A. 指代人：who主语、宾语 That is the manhelps mewhom 宾语 That is the manI help. Do you know the woman whom we met at the gate.介词+ whom （介词的选用原则：先

4、行词从句+*VI） Here are players fi om China , some of whom are our old fiiends. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for helpB. 指代物：which that先行词指代物时用that不用which的情况：（1）先行词是不定代词 all no none the one any few little much eveiytluiig nothing anything 等时；（something 后用-that或 “w

5、hich” 均可） Is theie anything that I can do for you in town ? You should hand in all that you have.（2）先行词被序数词或the last, the only, the veiy修饰时 This is the first place that I visited last time(3) 先行词被形容词最高级所修饰； Tlus is the best film that I have ever seen.(4) 先行词包括人、物两方面时； They talked about the things an

6、d persons that they remembeied in the school.(5) 当主语是which、who、what开头的特殊问句时，引导定语从句的关系代词一般 用that,而不用which； Who is the gulf that is 丿sitting by the lake? Which of those booksf that are ) on the table belong to you?(6) 两个定语从句时，其中一关系代词用which,另外一个用that They secretly build up a small factoiy, which produc

7、ed thingsthat could cause pollution(7) 先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.先行词指代物时用Which不用that的两种情况(1) 非限制性定语从句中 She heard a tenible noise, which brouglit her heart mto her month.(2) 当关系代词作介词宾语时，用介+which结构 He built a telescope through which he could study the

8、skies.C. as用法(1)用于 “suchas” fctthe same-as as- as so as特殊结构中： This is not such a book as I expected区别 the same- as 和 the same- that? This is the same tool as / that I used last time.such-as定语从句41 such- that* 状语从句 He is such a clevei boy as eveiyone likes.He is such a clever boy that eveiyone likes h

9、mias引导非限制定语从句，可以指代整个句子(which亦可指代整个句子) As is known to everybody the moon travels round the earth once eveiy month The moon travels found the eaith once every month, as/which is known to everybody. It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. What is known to everyb

10、ody is that the moon travels round the eailh.as习惯用语:As has been said before如上所述As is mentioned above正如上面提到的As is well-kiiown= as is known to all 众所周知非限制性定语从句是否定句或表否定时只能用Which He came here very late, which was unexpected.非限制性定语从句谓语是一个复合结构时，只能用W111C11 Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find s

11、trange.D. whose 作定语，既可指代人，亦可指代物(of十whom / which) The doctor , whose name was jolm Jived m a small town in Naiijmg. This is the house whose window broke last mght.This is the house, the window of which broke last nigh匸This is the house, of which the window broke last mghtE.关系代词省略：限制性定语从句中，作动词宾语时（若介宾结

12、构，介词在从句词尾） 关系代词可省略关系副词省略：当先行词是time reason place时，作状语的关系副词when where why可以省去五. 关系副词 when where why （关系副词=介词十which） I will never forget the day when I fust came to BeijingI will never fbiget the day that / which we spent together. Xf an is a famous city where there are many places of interestXian is a

13、 famous city that / wluch has many places of mterest. The reason that / which lie gave is not believableThe leason why he did not come to school vesteiday is that she was ill.六. 特殊定从：way后接定语从句 【way十of doing / to do /定从】 Please tell me the way in which/ that/ 不填 I can unprove my Englishwhere作名词可与from

14、连用 His head soon appeared out of the window, fiom where he could see whathappened clearly. 关系代词 than Never give your children more money than is necessaiy.七. 强调句型： It is / was +被强调部分十that/who十剩余部分 It is / was十not until十that十去not的剩余部分（注意时态的变化！） 特殊疑问句的强调区分强调句和定语从句：去结构“ It is/was和“that/who”后，看是否缺成份.八.

15、that引导的定语从句及th航引导的同位语从句区别（见名词性从句）九. 【高频考点】when/where表时间、地点的抽象化、模糊化wheief situation / stage / case / point Occasions aie quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. Later in tliis chapter cases will be mtioduced to readers where consumer complaintshave resulted in changes in the law.

16、 I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own. Today well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use thelanguage properly 解题思路：（1）先判断是定语从句否（陷阱）A. 注意标点符号和并列连词（aiid/but）的两句话B. 先行词在从句中不做任何成份以及状语从句C. 强调句型、同位语从句等其它句型（2）找准先行词（若介词+vhich/which,确定合适介

17、词）（3）判断出先行词在从句中所做成份（4）若关系副词，直接确定；若关系代词，在判断人或物，确定具体关系代词1 The road conditions there turned out to be veiy good, was more than we could expect.A. itB. wliatC. wliichD. that2.I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.A. AsE. whenC afterD since3. Franks dieam was to ha

18、ve his own shopto produce the workuigs ofliis own hands.E. ill wliichC by wliich D howA. that4.1 walked in oui gaiden. _A. wliichTom and Jim aie tiying a big sign onto one of tlie tiees.E. whenC where D that5. Look out! Dont get too close to the houseroof is under repaii;A. whose E. wliichC of wliic

19、hD that6. I saw a woman running towaid me in tlie dark Before I could recognize who she was, she had mn back in the directionshe had comeA. of whichE. by wliichC in wliichD. from which7. We saw several natives advancing towards oui party, and one of them came up to us, bells and glassesA. to wliichE

20、. to whomwe gave someC. with whomD with which8.1 was told tliat there were about 50 foreign students_Chmese m the school and most were from Geinianv.A. study; of whom E. study; of tliem C studying; of them D studying; of whomshe went on to have her advanced study abroadC. from which D after which9.

21、She was educated at Beijing University,A. after thatE fiom that10. Do you have anytliiiig to say for yourselves? Yes, there is one point _ we must insist on.C whenD./A. whyB. where11. If you aie travelingtlie customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.A. in wliich E whatC. wh

22、enD where12. Wdm亡ii _ dinik more tlian two cups of cofiee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than thosedo not.A. who; /B. /; whoC who; whoD./;/13. It is repoited that two schools,A. they bothare bemg built in my hometown, will open next year.E. wliich bothC. both of tliemD both of w

23、hich14. Last week, only two people came to look at the house,wanted to buy it.A. none of themE both of themC none of whomD. neither of whom15. By sending others, a person focuses on someone other tlian liiniself 01 herself,can be very eve-openmgand rewarding.A. whoB. wliichC. whatD. that16. Many chi

24、ldren,A. thekparents are away worknig in big cities, aie taken good care of in the village. D. with whomE. whoseC of them17. Gun control is a subjectAmericans have argued for a long tuneA. of wliichE. with wliichC about wliichD mto winch18. Those successful deaf dancers tluiik tliat dancing is an ac

25、tivitysight matters more than hearmg.A. whenE whoseC wliichD. where19. Human facial expressions differ fiom tliose of anunals in the degree _ they can be contiolled on purpose.A. with wliichE to wliichC of whichD for wliich20. They have won thek last tluee matches,A. that】B whenI find a bit suiprisi

26、iig actually.C. whatD which21. After graduation she reached a point in her careerA. thatB. whatshe needed to decide what to do.C. wliichD. where22. Today; well discuss a number of cases _ begumeis of English foil to use the language properly A. wliichE asC whyD. where23.1 will give you my friends ho

27、me address, _A. wliichE whenI can be reached most evenings. C whomD. where24. My friend showed me round the town,was very kind of hun.A. whichB thatC. whetherD. who25. A persone-mail account is fiill wont be able to send or receive aiiv e-niail.C whoseD. whoeverA whoB. whom26. Occasions are quite ra

28、ieI have the time to spend a day with my kids.A. who】B. whichC why D when27. What do you thuik of teaching. Bob9I find it fun and challenging It is a job _ you aie domg somethmg seiious but interesting.A. whereE wliichC whenD that28 Later in this chapter cases will be intioduced to readersconsumer c

29、omplaints have resulted in changesin the law.A. whoE. whichC when D where29. The mail pulled out a gold watch,were made of small diamonds.A. the hands of whomE whom the hands ofC wliich the hands ofD the hands of which30. They will fly to Wasliiiigton,they plan to stay for nvo or tliiee daysA. where

30、E thereC wliichD when31. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _ New York is an example.A. for wliich B. in wliich C of which D fiom wliich32. Animals suffered at the hand of Manthey were destroyed by people to make way for agricultural landto provide food for more pe

31、opleA. in wliichE for whichC so thatD. in that33. By nme oclock, all the Olympic torch beaiers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma,appeareda rare rainbow soonA. of wliichE on whichC from wliichD. above wliich34.1 have reached a point m my lifeI am supposed to make decisions of my owii.A. whichB.

32、 whereC howD whvJ35. The growing speed of a plant is mfluenced by a number of factors and _ aie beyond oui contiol.A. most of wliich E. most of them C most of whatD most of that36. Because of the financial crisis, days aie gonelocal 5-star hotels charged 6.000 yuan for one nightA. ifB. whenC wliichD

33、 since37. Its helpful to put children in a situationthey can see themselves differently.A. thatB. whenC wliichD where38. Shell never forget her stay thereshe found her son who had gone missing two yeais before.A. thatB. wliichC whereD when39. Whenever I met her,was fairly often, she greeted me with

34、a sweet smileA. whoB. whichC. whenD. that40. Life is like a long racewe compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A. whyB. whatC. tliatD whereNOUN CLAUSE从句：引导词后（N性从句：从句陈述语气） 分类:主语从句:What you said is light. 表语从句:That is what you said.宾语从句：I believe what you said.同位语从右上Th亡 news tliat he had passed th

35、e exam shocked us.二名词性从句：主句完整：同位语从句主句不完整：主语/宾语/表语从句分析从句:V-从句完整：陈述句：that（无实意）一般疑问句：whether / if （是否） 特殊疑问句：when/ wheie /why /how、从句不完整：厂缺人：who （主表） whom （宾）缺物： what （主宾表）/ which（有选择 主宾定）一whose （谁的缺 the）特殊关联词：以as if/ as though /as/because引导的耒1语从句（系 表结构） Thats because they are too carefiil in then stud

36、iesJ Tluiigs werent as they seemed to be.（区别 thats why 和 thats because?）（区别 seem 和 appear?）三.关联词1. thar无实义，句中不担任何成分.（主、同从句中不能省） That her hair was turning grey wonied her a bit2. whethei7if表是否，句中不担当成分，亦不能省；（if-如果：引导条件状语从句）用whether不用if六种情况： 主语从句 Whether the 2012 Olympic Games will be held in Pairs is

37、unknown yet.（it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末是whethei/if均可） 表语从句 The problem is whether we need it. 同位语 The problem whether we will build another school has not been settled. 做介词宾语 He was wonied about whether he passed the English exam discuss引导的宾语从句 句中有not” It does not matter whether she will come or not. 主语不定式前 I

38、 dont know yvliether to go either.3.whaL “所、事/人”和“什么” “什么样的”（区别于“that”） My brother is not yvhat he used to be. The problem is what we should do next.4连接副词作状语： How this happened is not clear to anyone.四：主语从句1. “”作形式主语4种句型： It十be十形容词十that从句(strange natural obvious tme possible certain clear suiprising

39、 wondeifiil hinny likely) It is strange that she did not come yesterday.(若形容词为 necessaiy important essential stiange，从句可用虚拟语气，即 should+V) It十be+名词性词组+that从句(a pity a shame a fact good news no wonder an honor no surprise etc)(a pity a shame后亦可用虚拟语气) It is generally admitted that It is a pity that we

40、can not go. It is a great pity that he should have said so.It+be+过分分词+that从句(reported believed expected thought decided aimounced , admitted arranged, etc) It is reported that our Chinese Team has won the game.(若过去分词表“建议” “命令”“愿望”，如suggested oideied requested等, 从句用虚拟语气，形式为:should十V) It is requested

41、that Mi Wang (should) give a perfoimance.It+seems(ed)/happens(ed)+that 从句、 It happened that I was not there that day 2. 特殊疑问词引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.what whatever whoever引导的主语从句不用形式主语it ”

42、What you told me was tuie.五. 表语从句(主系表结构？系动词的考点？) The question is whether it is worth doing. It looks as ifzthough it is going to rain.句型：The reason +系动词Hhat从句It / This (that)+ 系动词 + the reason 十 why 从句It / This (that)十系动词十because十原因/Why十结果 The i eason was that he fell ill.六. 宾语从句：1. 后用陈述语气2. “that”省

43、略(第二个从句后that不可省)that从句一般不能用作介词宾语，但可作except, in等介词的宾语 He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless. He differed fiom his classmates in that he devoted lus spare time to reading.3. 接复合宾语的动词(think make consider, etc)引导的宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用”作形式宾语(山吐不可省) He thought it a pity that he missed the f

44、ilm.194介词的宾语从句用what wliatever whether等引导，不能用if或wluch She was praised for what she had done. Eveiything depends on whether we have enough experience.5. doyou think/believe/hope/suppose”作插入语时，后用陈述语气. What did you father buy there ?-*What do you think you father bought there ?6. 时态呼应问题（若主句为一般过去时，从句改为相应

45、过去范畴内时态）特殊两点：（1）一般过去时般过去时（从句有过去的时间状语）-过去完成时（从句无过去的时间状语）（2）表示客观真理、科学事实时时态不受影响7. 表要求、建议、命令、意见、看法动词后跟宾语从句，从句用虚拟，即should + V He msisted that John should do the job 七. 同位语从句（位于某些具有实质性内容抽象名词后），news fact idea hope piomise problem possibility desire suggestion thought I have no idea when he will be back The

46、re is a feelmg in me that w7/ never know what a UFO is not ever. My question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answeredA.高频考点： 【高频考词what名词性从句=先行词十其后的定语从句what = the tliuig（s） whicMhat,有 时 what 可 以前置，如 what help what fuimy stones （08 福建）What is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Gam

47、es will take place ui Beijing.It is known to us all that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place ui Beijing.（08 山东） What was most lmponant to hex; she told me, was her fhmily.（08 上海）As his fiiend, I can make accurate guesses about What he will do or think 【高频考词wh-everwh - ever:让步状语从句（=no mattei wh-）:

48、无论、不管名词性从句：任何、任一 whoever = anyone whoJwhichever = anyone/anytliHig thatwhatever = anything that简单句：evei起强调作用：究竟、到底 Whatever I said （= No matter what I said）, he wouldnt listen to me. Wheievei have you been? The how to book can be of help to whoever （= anyone who）wants to do the job解题思路：（1）先判断是名词性从句否

49、（定语从句和同位语从句区分）（2）判断是主？宾？表？同位语？（3）判断从句缺不缺少成分1. Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and _ it is rough or smooth.A./B. whetherC. howD. what2. in the fegulations that you should not tell other people the password of you e-mail account.A.What is requiiedB.What requiies C.It is req

50、uiied D.It requiies3. Mary wrote an article on the team had failed to wm the game.A.whyB.whatC.whoD.tliat4. As soon as he comes back, I will tell lmn when _ and see him.A.vou will come B.will you come C.you come D.do you come5. Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom?A.thatB.wha

51、tC.asD. which6. Some reseaichers believe that there is no doubt a cure for AIDS will be found.A. whichB.whatC.thatD. whether7. The way he did it was diffeient we were used to.A.m whichB.in whatC.fiom whatD.fiom which& The shopkeeper did not want to sell foi _ lie thought was not enough.A. whereB.how

52、C.whatD. which9. Mum is coming. What presentfor your buthday?A.you expect she has gotB you expect has she gotC.do you expect she has gotD.do you expect lias she got10. In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send helpthere is human suffenngA. whoever B howeverC whateveiD. wheievei11. 一 What did

53、your parents thuik about your decision?一 They always let me doI think I shouldA. whenB.tliatC.whatD.how12.1 just wonder _ that makes lmn so excitedA.why it does B.what he does C.how it is D.what it is13. 一 It is thirty years since we last met.一 But I still lemembei the story, believe it or not, _ we

54、 got lost on a rainy night.A.wliichB.thatC.whatD.wheii14. He spoke proudly of lus part in the game, without mentioning _ lus teanunates had done.A.wliatB. whichC.whvD. whileJ15. 一Could you do me a favor?一It depends on _ it is.D. whateverA. whichB .wlucheverC .what16. We havent settled the question o

55、fit is necessaiy for him to study abroad.A.ifB. whereC. whetherD.that17. With lus work completed, the busmessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleasedhewas a man of action.A. whichB.thatC.whatD. whether1& matters most in leanuiig English is enough practiceA. WhatB.WliyC.WheieD.Wluch19. Why not tiy your luck downtown, Bob? That