初中英语语法 代词讲解讲解学习

1、初中英语语法 代词代词：为了避免重复而用来代替其他词的词。种类：1) 人称 2) 物主 3) 反身 4) 指示 5）不定 6) 疑问 7) 相互代词：each other, one another 互相， 其所有格加-s8) 关系代词：which， who，that，whom，whose 等引导定语从句9) 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever10）替代词：one(单数), ones(复数） 用于替代前面出现的同类事物。但 ones 必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名 词时无形容词在前，

2、则用 some, any，而不用 ones。如：have you bought any rulers? yes，i ve bought some. 一、人称代词1. 人称代词的形式单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一第二第三主格宾格imeyouyouhehimsheherititweusyouyoutheythem2. 人称代词的句法功能功能例句主格宾格it 的特殊用法作主语 作动词宾语 作介词宾语作表语指时间指天气指距离作形式主语、 形式宾语 指前文提到的物 指不知性别 的婴儿或不 确指性别的人they are fourteen years old. / she is a chinese t

3、eacher.the box is too heavy. let me help you. / i like it very much.mary didnt want to go with me.- who is standing over there?- its me.it is early spring, but its already very hot.it rained _（大）last night.its about five _（minute）walk from here to the library. how far is it from your school to your

4、home?it is very nice of you to help me.i find it easy to learn english well.-wheres my book? -its over there.the baby is crying. it may be hungry.3. 人称代词的排列顺序（单数 231，复数 123）当两个以上的人称代词一起作主语时，单数按二、三、一人称排列（即 you, he / she, i ）；复数按一、二、三人称排 列（即 we, you, they）。但是如果做错了事需要承担责任时，要把说话人（i）放在第一位。如：it was i and

5、john thatmade her angry.二、物主代词 1. 物主代词的形式是我和约翰惹她生气了。单数复数物主代词形容词性名词性mymineyouryourshishisherhersitsitsouroursyouryourstheirtheirs2. 物主代词的基本用法功 能例句特别提示1形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词 (相当于省 略了中心名 词的-s 属 格结构)作定语作主语作宾语作表语与 of 连用作定语her mother is a kind-hearted doctor. their room is clean and tidy.that is his computer. m

6、ine doesnt work. her spoken english is better than yours. this ballpen is hers. where is mine?the red skirt of hers is very beautiful.形容词性物主代词作定语，相当于形 容词 。名词性物主代词在句中不能单独作 定语。如：hers math is better than mine.（错！ 句中的_应改为_）3. 物主代词的特殊用法在双重所有格中只能用名词性物主代词。如：我的一个朋友 a friend of mine , 她的一个同学 a classmate of h

7、ers , each brother of his. 三、反身代词1. 反身代词的形式反身代词又叫自身代词，表示动作返回到动作发出者本身。人称单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称myselfyourselfhimself,herself, itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves2. 反身代词的句法功能功能例句特别提示作宾语作表语作同位语（强调）和 by 等介词搭配， 构成固定短语little jimmy can dress himself now.s he cooked herself a good meal.t he boy in the photo is mys

8、elf, not tom.i am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。 the baby itself laughed.i myself went to visit my teacher.never leave the child by himself at home.i dont think i can do it by myself.两句中动作的执行者与承受着 均是同一个人，故宾语只能用反 身代词，不能用 him 和 her。此句中，反身代词 itself 也可放 在 laughed 的后面。初中常用的由反身代词构成的 短语有：（见下）3.由反身代词构成的习惯用语 help

9、 oneself to 随便吃 come to oneself 苏醒过来，醒悟，恢复知觉 dress oneself 自己穿衣服 say to oneself 自言自语 enjoy oneself 玩得开心 lose oneself in 迷路于，全神贯注于之中，消失于 teach oneself 自学 look after oneself by oneself 亲自learnby oneself 自学 leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 make yourself/yourselves at home 不必拘束四、指示代词hurt oneself 伤了自己单数复数thi

10、s 这，这个 these 这些that 那，那个 those 那些such这样的人或物same 同样的人或物例句this is bill speaking. who is that?where will these pupils go?do you like those? they are the latest fashion. i have never seen such a clever child before. those two dresses are the same.he said the same thing again and again.21.that 用来代替前面提到的不

11、可数名词，those 代替复数名词。the weather today is finer than that yesterday.the students in this school are different from those in that one.2. 打电话时，用 that 询问对方是谁，用 this 介绍自己。this is jack speaking. is that mrs black speaking?说明：that 和 those 可作定语从句的先行词，但 this 和 these 不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有 those 可指人，试比较： (对) he admire

12、d that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。(对) he admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those 指人）(错) he admired that who danced well. （that 作宾语时不能指人）(对) he admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those 指人）(对) he admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those 指物）五、疑问代词疑问代词有 who，

13、whom，whose，what 和 which 等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用 作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）如：tell me who he is.告诉我他是谁。 格指人指物指人或物主格宾格所有格who 谁whom 谁whose 谁的what 什么whose 谁的which 哪个，哪些whose 谁的说明 1：无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what 所指的范围是无限的，而 which 则指在 一定的范围内，例如：which girls do you like best? what girls do you l

14、ike best?说明 2：你喜欢哪几个姑娘？ 你喜欢什么样的姑娘？whom 是 who 的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who 代替，但在介 词后只能用 whom, 例如：who(m) did you meet on the street? who(m) are you taking the book to?你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语）你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）to whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词后，不能用 who 取代。）六、不定代词：不是指明代替任何特定名词

15、的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有 a11，both，each，every 等，以及含有 some- ，any-，no-等的合成代词，如 anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词 大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语， 但 none 和由 some，any，no 等构 成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every 和 no 只能作定语。如：- do you have a car? -你有一辆小汽车吗？ - yes，i have one. -是的，我有一辆。- i dont know any of them. 他们，我一个也不认识。不定代词的形

16、式例词普通不定代词个体不定代词数量不定代词some / anysomebody / anybody / nobody, someone / anyone / no one something / anything / nothingone / noneevery / each, other / another, either / neithereverybody / everyone / everythingmany / much, few / a few / little / a little3辨析：不定代词some1anyboth两者都all三者及以上都 可作主、宾、表、 定、同。2eit

17、her两者之一neither两者都不a lot of / lots of / a great deal of / a great many用法1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2) 当做某一解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）you will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。a certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的看法。 3) 用于肯定句中4）表请求、建议或期望得到肯定回答时的疑问句中。would you like some coffee? *

18、a.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：if you need some help，let me know.*b.当否定的是整体中的部分时，some 可用于否定句。如：i havent heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的 信。1) 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。he doesnt have any money.are there any people in the room?if you have any questions, please ask me for help.2) 表“任何”时，an

19、y 可用于肯定句。here are three novels. you may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。you may come at any time; ill be home the whole day.her parents are both doctors.*a. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情 态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。who can speak japanese? we both (all) can.we all want to go to the zoo.*all 的主谓一

20、致：all 的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。如： all goes well. 一切进展得很好。all that you have done is very helpful. *all 在定语从句中作先行词时，关系词只能用 that。*all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。但 all 可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习 惯上不说 all hour，all century。all 还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all china， all th

21、e city， all my life，all the wayeither of the answers is correct.neither of us goes abroad.1） neither 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。neither of the two answers is right.2） 作定语与单数名词连用，但 neither nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓 语采用就近原则。3） 可用于下列句型，避免重复。如： she cant sing，neither (can) he.*neither 与 nora. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用 neither，而不用 n

22、or。if you dont do it，neither should i. 如果你不干，我也不干。b. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用 nor，不用 neither。he cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.4any三者之一none三者及以上都不everyany movie is boring.none of his friends has/have been to nanjing.1) none 作主语，多与 of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none 可单独使用。 i like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。are there

23、 any pictures on the wall? none.2) none 作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。it is none of your business.every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。三个及以上的 “每 个都”强调整体概念。 只能做定语。1)2)3)every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。every student has to take one.every 与 not 连用，表示部分否定；every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 every 有反复重

24、复的意思，如 every two weeks 等；3 each pron. a. ad. 两个及以上的“每 个”强调个体概念，可 构成 of 短语each student may have one book. 每个学生都可有一本书。 1）each 可作代词或形容词。each boy has to take one.each of the boys has to take one.但 we each have a book.2) each 和 not 连用表示全部否定。each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。many+ c 许多,how many people are

25、 there at the meeting? many of the workers were at the meeting. many a (=many)many/much 多用于疑、否，whether 引导 的宾从中。日常谈话中，纯粹的肯定句一 般可数的用 a large number of, a good/great4但 many books were sold. many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。many, 不可数多用 a good/great deal of, 可 数不可数均可用的有 a lot of, lots of,much + u许多how much t

26、ime has we left?much of the time was spent on learning.plenty of.few + c “没有 几个，几乎没有”he has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。56a few+ c“有几个” little+ u “没有多 少，几乎没有” a little+ u “有一点儿” other+可数复数 泛指“其他的”the other两者中的另一个he has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)hurry！we hav

27、e little time left.we still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。what other animals do you like?the other day 前几天 every other day 隔天 on the other side 另一边 on the one hand on the other hand 一方面另一方面one the other 一个另一个（只有两个）we have two sisters. one is 16, the other is 12.i found one shoe, but i cant see the oth

28、er one.oneonethe other 一个，另一个，第三个others = other some others，otherspeople/things 泛 指we shouldnt laugh at others.“其他的人或物”the others = the rest some the others 一些其他的（有三个以上）剩余的全部（特定there are 50 students in our class. some are reading, the others are doing homework.5范围内的人或物） another泛指三者及以上中 的另一个复合不定代词 作主

29、语、宾语、表 语、定语。辨析：1. one another，the third2. the shirt is too small. can i try another one?dont lose heart. have another try.3.another two/few weeks 再两(几)周= two more weekseg. we love here. we want to stay another three days.4. one after another 一个接一个地something, anything, everything, nothing ,somebody,

30、anybody, everybody, nobody,someone, anyone, everyone，( no one)作主语 both of them are chinese.宾语 i know nothing about him.表语 thats nothing. 没什么。定语 you may take either road.1. 有形容词修饰，要后置。theres sth wrong with the tv. 2. 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。everything goes well.31. one，that和 it2.one 表示泛指，that 和 it 表示特指。that 与所指

31、名词为同类，但不是同一个，而 it 与所指名词为同一个。 i cant find my hat. i think i must buy one. (不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。the hat you bought is bigger than that i bought. (同类但不同个) 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。i cant find my hat. i don t know where i put it. ( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。 .anyone/any oneanyone 仅指人，any one 既可指人，也可指物。3.no one/n

32、obody， none 和 noa) none 后跟 of 短语，既可指人又可指物，而 no one 只单独使用，只指人。none of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。- did any one call me up just now? -刚才有人打电话给我吗? - no one. -没有。b) none 用法相当于名词，一般作主语、宾语。 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而 no one 作主语谓语动词 只能是单数。none of the problems is/ are easy to solve. none of the milk was left.c) no one 一般回答 who，含 anyone，anybody 的疑问句。is there anyone in the room? no one.none 回答 how many/muc