虚拟语气语法总结

1、虚拟语气虚拟语气主要是用来表达一种无法实现的愿望，一种与事实相反的情况，或者将不可能实现的，或可能性很小的事实，假想为事实予以表 述。这样的动词结构称为虚拟语气。它主要有三种形式，即与现在事 实相反的假设，与过去事实相反的假设，与将来事实相反的假设。它 们具体结构如表8 7。虚拟语气的构成种类与现在事实相反条件句结构主句结构动词用过去式be动词用 wereShould/could/would/might+V与过去事实相反的用 had+doneShould/could/would/might+have done与将来事实相反动词用过去式were to doshould +vShould/coul

2、d/would/might+V虚拟语气其他习惯用法简表功用句型例句表示主观愿望wish现在didI wish we could go to the seaside today.过去Had doneI wish I had gone to the basketball match yesterday.将来Should/ would/ could/ might+v.I wish I could fly to the moon.I wish you would stay here a littleIon ger.would rather过去had done过去时I would rather you

3、came to my party tomorrow.现在或将来as if, as though,现在didIt seems as if he was sick.过去had+过去分词Theyre talk ing as if they had bee n friends for many years.将来Should/ would/ could/ might+vThe man looked worried, as though someth ing would happe n to him.表示间 接的命 令、建 议或请 求宾语从句suggest, propose, in sist, desir

4、e, dema nd, request, order, comma nd 等 之后(should)+vThey required that I (should) go at on ce. He suggested that the meeti ng (should) start earlier.表语从句主句中的主语常是:suggestio n, idea, proposal, order, request 等My suggesti on is that we (should) cope with the matter.Our only request is that this problem

5、(should) be settled as soon as possible.同位语从句They received an order that the work(should)be stopped.主语从句It is suggested (requested, proposed 等) that It is suggested that we (should) get everyth ing ready by toni ght.表示惊 奇、惋It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) that (Should)+v.It is a great pity that h

6、e (should) be so careless.惜、理应如此等It is n ecessary(importa nt,n atural, stra nge 等)thatIt is importa nt that every one remember these rules.表示祝may+V.May you succeed!愿或愿表示强烈的愿望、祝愿”时，常用Long live the Peoples Republic of望动词原形Chi na!God bless you !其他It is (high/about) time that+ 主语+should+v或过去式Its time th

7、at you should go home now.It is high time that we left.1 语法辨析Incorrect: If I was a girl ， I would marry youCorrect: If I were a girl ， I would marry you表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气时，if条件句中的be动词一律用were，这句话应译为我要是个女孩, 我就嫁给你。实际上不可能是个女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldnt worry现在

8、时的虚拟语气主句要用 should 或 would 加动词原形,这句话应译为我要是你的话,就没有必要 烦恼。要注意这种语态用在这里实际上是想把要讲出的观点表达得婉转些,有礼貌些。Incorrect: God forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!这里的主语 God 是第三人称单数,之所以动词不加 s 是因为要表达一种祝愿,即人力所不能及的 事情，实际上是forgive前有一助动词should， May等，但在口语中将其省略了。女口： May you be happy 祝你幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yeste

9、rday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday ， we would have gone to the zoo因句中有 yesterday 一词即表示的是与过去相反的事实，即昨天天气很不好，我们也未去动物园， 所 以 if 条件句应用 had 过去分词。Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now ，

10、 I would go for a walk虚拟语态be动词作助动词时，则可用was来取代were，如was to。虚拟语态中的动词如果是表示 正在进行之中也要用进行时态。Incorrect: If you had taken my advice, you would have been better now Correct: If you had taken my advice, you would be better now这句话的意思是如果你以前要是能听我的忠告的话， 你现在就会好多了。 其条件句是与过去事实相反 的虚拟句，而主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟句，这在语法书中叫做混合虚拟条件句。

11、例如：If I hadcaught that plane ， I would be dead now 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killedIncorrect: He were you ， he would go home at once Correct: Were he you ， he would go home at once Correct: If he were you ， he would go home at once 在虚拟条件句中的 if 可以省略，但 if 省略后其句子的结构要采用倒装

12、语序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me ， what might she think?这句话中没有 if 条件句，但仍要用作虚拟语态。这里因为有些分词或介词短语，起到了从句的作用。 这些短语有：without , providing, supposing , but for（you） Incorrect: To see the girl ， you will like her Correct:

13、To see the girl ， you would like her这里的条件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: Im sorry I did have come here by car Correct: Im sorry I should have come here bycar这里的条件句被省略了，其意为我真应该坐小车来。同样在句意不会混淆的情况下，主句也有时可以 被省略，如： What if we should fail! （ 我们万一失败了如何 ）。 If he could do it, why not? （ 如果他能做， 他怎么会不干呢 ?）Incorrect: If th

14、e earth were （was） to turn from east to west ， I will give you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were（was） to turn from east to west I would give you this car as a gift条件句中也常用 were to 来表示说话者认为可能性极小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect: If youd have told him early ， he would have passed the exam Correct: If you h

15、ad told him early ， he would have passed the exam 非正式口语中往往听见外国人讲：d havepp （过去分词 ）但仍没有人认为它是正确的句子，不易为我们效仿。Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghostCorrect: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost要注意的是 as if 从句中如果用虚拟语气， 它的用法要与 if 条件句的动词结构相同， 即与现在事实相 反动词用过去式，be动词用were，

16、而与过去事实相反的动词用 had + pp （过去分词）。另外更要注意的 是，并非所有 as if 从句都要用虚拟语气。如： Itlooks as if it is going to snow （ 看天好像要下雪 ）即是真 实条件句。Incorrect: I should have come here early ， but I had beenbusy Correct: I should have come here early but I wasbusybut 是转折连词，其后的句子是真实句，而不是虚拟句。Incorrect: To tell the truth ， I wish I kn

17、ow her address now Correct: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress nowwish的宾语从句中要用虚拟结构，与现在事实相反的条件动词要用过去式，be动词用were，与过去事实相反的条件动词要用 had +过去分词。如：I wished I had passed that examIncorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he will do it better tomorrow Correct: His homework was written badly I wi

18、sh he would do it better tomorrowwish 要用来表示对现状不满，希望将来有所改进，则要用 would 加动词原形。并非wish不能表达真正的祝愿，但是不能接从句，而要用双宾语，或不定式，如: I wish you luck (双宾语)I wish you to be a good stude ntI wish to see her at onceIn correct: I wish it will not be ano ther failureCorrect: I hope it will not be another failureCorrect: I wi

19、sh it would not be another failure要注意hope与wish的不同用法。2例题解析例 1 If he on tourists for his bus in ess， he would have to close his shopA depe nds B will depe ndC depe nded Dhas depe nded答案C这是与现在事实相反的假设。应译为：如果他仅靠旅游来做生意的话，他早就要关门了。例 2 Had she been younger， shemore beautifulA had bee n B might have bee n C m

20、ight be D would be答案B.因其条件句是省去if的与过去事实相反的假设。例 3 If you that TV play last ni ght ， you would nt be sleepyA have nt watchedB did nt watchC had nt watchedD would nt have watched答案C .因是与过去事实相反的假设。应译为：昨晚你要是不看那个电视剧，你现在也不会这么困倦了。这是混合虚拟句，主句是与现在事实相反的虚拟。例 4 If it tomorrow， we will not go for the picnicA will r

21、ain B had rained C rained D rai ns答案D .因其主句是将来时，所以条件句应用一般现在时表示将来。所以要注意的是有些真实条件句并没有虚拟的含意，不要乱用虚拟语态。例 5 We had hoped that wego home at onceA did B will C / D would答案D. had hoped用来表达对过去未能实现的愿望，其宾语从句要用would加动词原形。例 6 I want to see her todayrd rather you A did nt B do not C dont D do答案A. d rather其后如直接接动词则用

22、动词原形。如加宾语从句则从句中谓语动词要用过去 式。例 7 It is very late， Its timeA we have left B we will leaveC we left D we leave答案 C. 要注意 It is (high/about) time 其后可接 for something,女口： It is time for supper. 或 for somebody to do something也可接从句，但从句中的谓语动词要用过去式， 有时也可用should加动词原 形，但should不可省略。例 8 These typewritten papers are

23、very neatI wish I type too， but I dont know howA can B may C could D will答案C. 因wish在从句中表示与现在相反的虚拟，所以要用would或could。例 9 It is important that he this work at onceA do B does C did D will do答案A .虚拟语气可以用来表示要求、建议、提议、命令、意愿等。在Itis +形容词（过去分词）+从句的结构中，从句中的谓语动词要用should加动词原形，其should在美语中经常省略。这样的形容词有：important , n

24、ecessary, strange, natural。这样的过去分词有： demanded, requested, suggested, required , recommended。例 10 The teacher ordered that the students herA obeys B obeyed C obey ing D obey答案D.因带有命令要求口气的动词其宾语从句中的谓语动词也要用should加动词原形。其should在美语中贝 U被省略。这样的动词有： ask, advise, dema nd, desire, in sist, order, recomme nd, re

25、quire , request, suggest 例 11 She rejected my suggestion that sheher son the next weekA met B will meet C meet D would meet答案C.因同位语从句的谓语动词要用 should加动词原形。这是因为其前面的名词是由例 10中的那些表示愿望、命令、建议的动词转化而来的。例 12 Whats the matter with her?I dont know but she looks shed lost her boy friendA that B so that C as D as

26、if答案D.其意为她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一样脸色不好看。例 13 You fin ally passed the examYes, your help. I would have not succeededA but that B but for C but if D tha nks to答案B. 由but for , without , supposing等短语或连接词也可以引出虚拟语态。例 14 today, he would get there by the weekendA Would he leave B Was he leavi ngC Were he to leave D If he leaves答案C.如果条件句中if被省去，则要用倒装语序。be to在虚拟条件句中应用 were to或was to取代。例 15 I wish I