刀具与夹具英文文献

1、刀具与夹具切削加工及刀具是装备制造业的基础工艺， 是制造业重要工业部门如汽车工 业、家电制造业、航空航天、能源工业、模具工业等发展的关键技术。 现代切 削技术经过近百年的快速发展，到 20 世纪末，随着数控机床、数控系统、刀具 材料、涂层技术等制造技术的全面进步， 达到了新的水平， 使切削加工进入了高 速切削的新阶段，其主要技术特征表现为切削速度有510倍的提高。高速切削技术的出现，对制造领域又提出了高要求。一是机床本身刚性、精度高，二是 装夹系统刚性、 精度高。 三是刀具的材料性能和加工精度要高。 四是冷却效果要 好。 随着切削技术的发展，对刀具材料的要求在不断提高，以高性能刀具材料 取代低

2、性能刀具材料， 且应用领域扩大已成为趋势。 如细颗粒硬质合金代替高速 钢，陶瓷、金属陶瓷等又取代硬质合金，甚至用于流水线生产。PCD 、CBN 超硬材料的应用范围进一步扩大。 采用涂层技术改变刀具性能的应用越来越广。 材 料行业通过新的复合材料，适应不同的加工条件，体现出更好的性能。正是各种刀具材料和切削技术的全面发展，使切削加工的不同领域 ,不同工序的效率和 总体切削水平有了显著提高， 开创了切削加工的新阶段， 为制造业的发展和制造 技术的进步奠定了基础。由于Ti（C, N）金属陶瓷具有更高的热硬度、更好的抗氧化性和抗高温蠕变能 力，因此被广泛用做刀具材料。Ti（C，N）金属陶瓷刀具材料的主

3、要原料是钛，钛 在地球上的贮量为传统的 WC 基硬质合金刀具材料的主要原料 W 的 70 倍，具 有极大的成本和资源优势。因此，Ti（C，N）金属陶瓷成为近期各国研究的主要刀 具新材料之一。 基于超细WC基硬质合金的使用现状及 Ti（C，N）基金属陶瓷刀 具材料的发展概况、 研究进展， 本文采用 X 射线衍射仪 （XRD） 、扫描电镜 （SEM）、 透射电镜（TEM）、电子探针（EPMA）、热等静压烧结炉（HIP）、低压烧结炉（SH）等 对高性能超细Ti（C，N）金属陶瓷刀具材料进行了系统研究。首先针对国内外在研究细颗粒Ti（C，N）金属陶瓷遇到的原料氧含量高，难以获得优质细颗粒Ti（C，N）

4、金属陶瓷的现状，分析了超细原料中氧含量高的原因。用市购平均粒度0.13卩m的TiC_（0.7）N_（0.3）粉末，通过H_2还原炉处理或真空炉处理，获得了平均粒 度小于0.2 pm、氧含量低于0.3wt %的优质超细TiCa.No.3原料。在普通金属陶瓷的工艺的基础上，进一步研究了 MoZC, WC, TaC 等添加 成分对 TiCa_No.3 超细合金性能的影响。针对超细原料比表面积大、活性高、易于团聚等特点，优化了制备超细金 属陶瓷混合料的球磨工艺参数 ;采用合适的分散剂改善料浆的粘滞性，使超细 颗粒表面为活性分子层包围，获得好的研磨效果。研究表明，超细金属陶瓷在9000C 以下的低温状态

5、发生了较普通金属陶瓷激烈得多的固相扩散反应，这是 使超细金属陶瓷芯、环结构变得复杂的原因之一 ;在 9000C-12300C 之间的反应 较平缓，但从晶格常数的变化看，其反应的程度却比普通金属陶瓷的高;在12300C 以后，反应又开始激烈，并出现了脱氮反应。与不加粘结相的超细混合 料的对比研究发现， 在较高温度时粘结相对物相的演变起了重要作用， 这些研究 结果为制定有效的烧结工艺提供了依据。根据超细金属陶瓷物相的演变规律， 修改了常规烧结普通金属陶瓷的工艺路线。由于超细金属陶瓷液相的提前出现， 必须在较低的温度下延长烧结时间以脱除有害的吸附物和低熔点挥发物。在未 发生脱氮反应之前，采取充氮气的

6、办法进行烧结。由于金属陶瓷中液相的流动 变得困难，必须采取加压烧结，以消除孔隙，提高超细金属陶瓷的性能。对超细金属陶瓷的断口进行了分析。 统计分析表明， 超细金属陶瓷的断裂源 主要为孔隙，同时还有少量的 Ni 池等。应用铃木寿的强度理论，计算出超细金 属陶瓷的本征强度为 5000 MPa ，比实测值高得多。分析表明，主要是孔隙等缺 陷造成了强度下降，并指出，降低孔隙、 Ni 池等缺陷将有利于金属陶瓷强度的用高分辨率透射电镜分析了超细金属陶瓷和普通金属陶瓷的微观组织结 构。两种金属陶瓷的组成相是一样的，主要由 (T i , Mo, Ta, W) (C, N) 固溶体和 Co (Ni)固溶体构成，

7、(Ti, Mo, Ta, W) (C, N)固溶体是硬质相，Co (Ni)固溶体是粘 结相。Co (Ni)粘结相中有纳米硬质相析出。超细金属陶瓷的硬质相中有位错也 有孪晶，最后，将制得的超细金属陶瓷刀具同市售的普通金属陶瓷、日本超细金属 陶瓷及 WC 基硬质合金 P10 作了对比切削试验。结果表明，超细 NT6B 金属陶 瓷的切削寿命最长，其寿命超过了日本 NX2525 ，是普通市售金属陶瓷寿命和 WC 基硬质合的 2-3 倍。刀具的切削力最小，被加工材料的表面光洁度最高。Tool And FirtureCutting operation and cutting tools is both t

8、he basis of manufacturing industry and the critical technique that influences the development of the important fields of manufacturing industry such as automobiles, household appliances, aerospace, energy and die-making. After around 100 years rapid development with the advancement in CNC machine.CN

9、C system, tool materials and coating technology, etc., modern cutting techniques has entered into a new stage of high-speed cutting which is characterized by 510 times increase of cutting speed. With the introduction of high-speed cutting, the higher requirements for manufacturing industry is presen

10、ted. First is high rigidity and accuracy of the machine itself; Second the high rigidity and accuracy of the clamping system; Third the good properties of tool materials and high machining accuracy; and the last, good cooling effect. With the development of cutting technique, the requirements for to

11、ol material is increasing. The traditional tends to be replaced by material by material with better performace and to be widely used. For example, high-speed steel is to be replaced by fine-grain cemented carbide, cemented carbide to be replaced by ceramic. This is practical even for mass production

12、. The application of PCD, CBEsuper-hard is continously increased. Coating technology is widely used to improve the performance of tools. In material industry new composite material is applied relative to different cutting operations to get better performance. Thanks to the development in both tool m

13、aterial and cutting technology, the efficiency of different fields os cutting operation and different working procedure of cutting operation and the general cutting technology as well are substantially improved; the cuttingoperation has entered into a new stage; a solidfoundation has been laid for t

14、he development as manufacturing industry and manufacturing technique. Solid cemented carbide high-accuracy surface broaching tool is developed for machining the grooves on the vanes of air-condetioner compressor in this study, which representing the developing orientation of current tool materials a

15、nd tools.Ti(C,N)-based cermets have been widely used as the tool materials because of its higher red hardness, better resistance to oxidation, and better resistance to creep at high temperature. The key alloying element used in Ti(C,N)-based cermets tool materials is titanium that has about 70 times

16、 storage in the earth than tungsten, hence Ti(C,N)-based cermets show great advantage in cost and resources more than that of the traditional WC-based cemented carbide and become one of the new and main tool materials which have being developed in the globe.Based on a review of the ultra-fine VtC-ba

17、sed cemented carbide being used in cutting tool materials, and development and progress of Ti(C,N)-based cermets tool materials, a high-performance ultra-fine Ti(C,N)-based cemented carbide has been studied systematically in this dissertation using all kinds of apparatus such as X-ray diffractometer

18、 (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron probe (EPMA), hot isostatic press machine(HIP), low-pressure sintering machine (SH), etc.At first, the reason why oxygen content is high in raw material has been deeply analyzed in order to surmount the crux

19、 that high-performance cermets containing ultra-fine particles Ti(C,N) is hard to obtain due to the high content of oxygen in raw materials, then a high-performance raw Ti(C,N) powder which average size of particle TiCo.7N0.3 is less than 0.2um and oxygen content is lower than 0.3wt% has been prepar

20、ed adopting the conventional TiCo.7 powder which average size is 0.13),m by means of a treatment in vacuum furnace or in hydrogen-deoxidization furnace.On the basis of common production process of cermet, the effect of addition such as MoZC, WC, TaC on the properties of the ultra-fine cermet has bee

21、n further investigated.Considering that the ultra-fine particle features high specific surface, high activity and being easy to pileup, the technology of wet ball milling for the ultra-fine powder has been optimized and a certain dispersant is adopted to improve the stickiness of the slurry so that

22、the ultra-fine grains can be covered by a layer of active material, thus leading to excellent milling behavior. The results investigated indicate that the ultra-fine cermet would have much more ability to occur solid diffusion reaction than common certnet at the lower temperature of 9000C. It is one

23、 of the reasons that makes the core-rim structure of ultra-fine become rather complicated. It seemsthat the reaction became milder at 900-12300C, but the degree of reaction should be higher than the common cennet according to the changes of the lattice parameter. However, the reaction would become i

24、ntense again at the temperature above 12300C, and it could be deduced that the reaction between liquid phases occurs in advance while the denitrogenization reaction appears.Compared with the result obtained in the ultra-fine powder without binder-phase, it is shown that the binder-phase definitely h

25、as very important role in the evolvement of phases, and the phase evolvement provides a basis for optimization of technology. Based on the evolvement rule for the phasesin the ultra-fine cermet, the conventional sintering technology for the common cermet has been optimized. As the liquid phase appea

26、rs in advance, the sintering time has to be kept longer to remove the harmful adhesive and volatile, which have lower melt point. Certain NZ gas has to be supplemented in the sintering process to avoid appearance of the denitrogenization reaction. As it is difficult for the liquid phase to flow in t

27、he ultra-fine cennet pressure sintering is used to eliminate the porosity to upgrade the properties of ultra-fine cermet.The fracture of the ultra-fine cermet has been analyzed systematically. The results show that rupture usually occurs can be attributed to the porosities or some very small Ni-lake

28、s. Using Mr. Hisashi Suzukis strength theory, the essential strength of ultra-fine cermet is calculated to be 5000 MPa much higher than thetesting data, the reason that the testing data is more Lower than the calculated value is closely related to some faults such as porosities. So, the strength of ultra-fin cermet would be highly improved with decreasing th