最新语言学-形态学

1、语言学-形态学 Morphology 形态学 语言学-形态学 Q1. What is morphology? Q2. A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion? Q3. Morpheme: free morpheme vs. bound morpheme; derivation

2、al morpheme vs. inflectional morpheme Q4. Affix: prefix vs. suffix Q5. Compounding and compounds 语言学-形态学 1.什么是形态学？研究范围？ 形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构 造规则造规则 Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Q1. What is mor

3、phology? 语言学-形态学 Q2. A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion? Open class words: content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as n

4、ouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. E.g. hacker, email, internet, surf, spam, blogsphere, songlifting (song+shoplifting), workaholic, surgiholic, tree-hugger Taikonaut, ginormous, fantabulous 菜鸟、驴友、枪手、做秀、粉丝、帖子、拍砖、下课、前卫、PK、 丁克、爽、酷、饭局、充电、月光族、黄牛、房奴 语言学-形态学 Closed class words: grammatical or functional

5、 words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns. “e” “偶” 语言学-形态学 Q3.语素的定义 语素是语言最小的意义单位。句子是由单词 构成的，词可以被分成更小的成分。我们把 这些处于单词最低一层的、有意义的成分称 为”语素”。 Q3: What is morpheme? 语言学-形态学 Q3: What is morpheme? Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit How many morphemes does each of the following words c

6、ontain? boy, desire boyish, desirable boyishness, desirability gentlemanliness, undesirability antidisestablishmentarianism 语言学-形态学 根据结构 语素分为 自由语素 和 粘着语素 (morpheme) (free morpheme) (bound morpheme) 具有完整词汇意义 具有一定词汇意义 能够独立使用 不能单独使用 根据语义 语素分为 词根 (root）和 词缀(affix） 自由，粘着 屈折，派生 free root, bound root infle

7、ctional affix, derivational affix 前缀，后缀 prefix， suffix 语言学-形态学 词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素的关系词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素的关系 语言学-形态学 Free vs. bound morpheme Free morpheme is one that may constitute a word by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance. Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They

8、can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “-ed” in “recorded”. 语言学-形态学 Derivational vs. inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes are morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of the words to which they are conjoined, or change

9、their lexical or dictionary meaning. E.g. modern: modernize; length: lengthen; fool: foolish; do: undo; selfish: unselfish etc. 语言学-形态学 Inflectional morphemes When a word changes in form but not in lexical meaning, we say it has undergone an inflection. E.g? Inflectional morphemes are morphemes whic

10、h are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as person, number, gender, case, tense, aspect and so on; they never change the grammatical category of the base words or their lexical meaning. 语言学-形态学 3.词根、词基和词干 去掉派生词缀得到的词是词基词基，去掉屈折 词缀得到的词为词干词干。如果去掉词缀后的 单词在不改变身份和词义的情况下不能

11、再 去任何词缀，则这个词是个词根词根。 语言学-形态学 4.构词法构词法 构词方法构词方法 (word formation) 复合法复合法 (compound) 混合法混合法 (blending) 派生法派生法 (derivation) 缩略法缩略法 (abbreviation) 逆构法逆构法 (backformation) 借词法借词法 (borrowing) 造词法造词法 (invention) 语言学-形态学 Q4. Affix: prefix vs. suffix and some other terms: root, stem, base 语言学-形态学 A root is that

12、 part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional as well as derivational) are removed. E.g. _ in “desirable”, _ in “unbelievable” A stem is part of a word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. E.g. _ in “undesirables”, _ in “enriched” A base is any form to whic

13、h affixes of any kind can be added. This means any stem and root can be termed as a base. E.g. “desire” in “desired” is a _? “enrich” in “enriches” is a _? 语言学-形态学 Basic ways/rules of forming words in English 1. Free morpheme forming a word 自由语素 成词 2. Derivation 派生-a free morpheme plus at least a de

14、rivational morpheme (bound), a derivative 3. Compounding 复合-two free morphemes merged, a compound 语言学-形态学 Examples of Compounding Noun compounds daybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V) callgirl (V+N) windmill (N+N) Verb compounds brainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V) Adjective compounds mane

15、ating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved) dutyfree (N+adj.) Preposition compounds into (P+P) throughout (P+P) 语言学-形态学 Some points about compounds When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-cold When the two words fall into diffe

16、rent categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong, pickpocket Compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence, e.g. red coat, green house The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the mean

17、ings of its parts 语言学-形态学 Chinese morphology Do there exist affixes, free vs bound morphemes, derivational vs inflectional morphemes, and compounds in Chinese? 语言学-形态学 one-morpheme words that may comprise two or more Chinese characters 单纯词 ： 人，水，走，吃，红 琵琶，枇杷，葡萄，菩提，仿佛，犹豫，巧克力， 苏维埃 Derivatives 派生词 老-; 小

18、-；阿-；第-；初-；见- -子；-头；-儿；-者；-员；-士；-手；-化 Compounds 复合词 思想，动静，看见，纸张，车辆，注意，关心， 笔试 语言学-形态学 Chinese inflectional morphemes? Do the le element in the following two Chinese sentences express the same grammaticalized meaning? 他吃坏肚子了。 他吃坏了肚子。 Le is undoubtedly a grammatical marker. But is it an aspect marker or a tense indicator? A debatable matter. And it seems that the sentence final le differs from the le following the verb phrase in that they are associated wit