哈佛大学公开课《公正：该如何做是好》：第一课：英文字幕

1、100:00:03,320 - 00:00:06,140funding for this program is provided by.200:00:07,760 - 00:00:09,670additional funding provided by.300:00:33,600 - 00:00:35,100this is a course about justice400:00:35,100 - 00:00:37,200and we begin with a story.500:00:37,600 - 00:00:40,080suppose youre the driverof a trol

2、ley car,600:00:40,320 - 00:00:42,590and your trolley caris hurtling down the track700:00:42,760 - 00:00:46,040at 60 miles an hour.and at the end of the track800:00:46,140 - 00:00:49,020you notice five workersworking on the track.900:00:49,530 - 00:00:51,940you try to stopbut you cant,1000:00:52,169

3、- 00:00:53,660your brakes dont work.1100:00:53,760 - 00:00:56,250you feel desperatebecause you know1200:00:56,519 - 00:00:59,050that if you crashinto these five workers,1300:00:59,199 - 00:01:01,500they will all die.1400:01:01,709 - 00:01:03,730lets assumeyou know that for sure.1500:01:04,890 - 00:0

4、1:08,260and so you feel helplessuntil you notice1600:01:08,480 - 00:01:10,800that there is,off to the right,1700:01:11,320 - 00:01:14,930a side track and at the endof that track,1800:01:15,500 - 00:01:19,000there is one workerworking on the track.1900:01:19,160 - 00:01:24,540your steering wheel work

5、s,so you can turn the trolley car,2000:01:24,640 - 00:01:27,960if you want to,onto the side track2100:01:28,950 - 00:01:32,380killing the one but sparing the five.2200:01:33,500 - 00:01:38,200heres our first question:whats the right thing to do?2300:01:39,000 - 00:01:41,900what would you do?lets tak

6、e a poll.2400:01:42,690 - 00:01:46,530how many would turnthe trolley car2500:01:46,690 - 00:01:50,460onto the side track?raise your hands.2600:01:52,309 - 00:01:56,010how many wouldnt?how many would go straight ahead?2700:01:57,960 - 00:02:01,260keep your hands up those of youwho would go straight a

7、head.2800:02:04,419 - 00:02:05,970a handful of people would,2900:02:06,119 - 00:02:07,980the vast majority would turn.3000:02:08,440 - 00:02:10,740lets hear first,now we need to begin3100:02:11,030 - 00:02:13,260to investigate the reasonswhy you think3200:02:13,600 - 00:02:15,430its the right thing

8、to do.3300:02:15,530 - 00:02:20,080lets begin with those in the majoritywho would turn to go3400:02:20,239 - 00:02:23,600onto the side track.why would you do it?3500:02:23,880 - 00:02:28,540what would be your reason?whos willing to volunteer a reason?3600:02:30,120 - 00:02:31,580go ahead. stand up.3

9、700:02:31,760 - 00:02:34,900because it cant be rightto kill five people3800:02:35,280 - 00:02:37,690when you can onlykill one person instead.3900:02:39,870 - 00:02:42,960it wouldnt be rightto kill five if you could kill4000:02:43,269 - 00:02:48,260one person instead.thats a good reason.4100:02:48,91

10、0 - 00:02:53,880thats a good reason.who else?4200:02:54,269 - 00:03:00,490does everybody agreewith that reason? go ahead.4300:03:01,549 - 00:03:04,370well i was thinking its the same reasonon 9/11 with regard4400:03:04,660 - 00:03:08,560to the people who flew the planeinto the pennsylvania field4500

11、:03:08,760 - 00:03:11,590as heroes because they choseto kill the people on the plane4600:03:11,769 - 00:03:15,430and not kill more peoplein big buildings.4700:03:16,470 - 00:03:19,240so the principle therewas the same on 9/11.4800:03:19,630 - 00:03:22,530its a tragic circumstancebut better to kill o

12、ne4900:03:22,640 - 00:03:24,990so that five can live,5000:03:25,799 - 00:03:26,850is that the reasonmost of you had,5100:03:27,179 - 00:03:29,640those of youwho would turn? yes?5200:03:30,709 - 00:03:35,180lets hear nowfrom those in the minority,5300:03:35,560 - 00:03:39,850those who wouldnt turn. y

13、es.5400:03:40,480 - 00:03:42,470well, i think thatsthe same type of mentality5500:03:42,700 - 00:03:45,110that justifies genocideand totalitarianism.5600:03:45,440 - 00:03:48,030in order to saveone type of race,5700:03:48,260 - 00:03:49,570you wipe out the other.5800:03:50,560 - 00:03:52,080so what

14、would you doin this case?5900:03:52,310 - 00:03:57,590you would, to avoidthe horrors of genocide,6000:03:58,030 - 00:04:01,230you would crashinto the five and kill them?6100:04:03,600 - 00:04:05,700presumably, yes.6200:04:06,100 - 00:04:07,560you would?-yeah.6300:04:07,880 - 00:04:11,200okay. who el

15、se?thats a brave answer.6400:04:11,359 - 00:04:12,380thank you.6500:04:13,630 - 00:04:18,420lets consideranother trolley car case6600:04:20,360 - 00:04:26,060and see whether those of youin the majority6700:04:27,599 - 00:04:30,400want to adhereto the principle6800:04:31,180 - 00:04:33,660better that

16、 one should dieso that five should live.6900:04:33,920 - 00:04:35,730this time youre not the driverof the trolley car,7000:04:35,960 - 00:04:39,490youre an onlooker.youre standing on a bridge7100:04:39,590 - 00:04:41,820overlooking a trolley car track.7200:04:42,650 - 00:04:45,530and down the track

17、comesa trolley car,7300:04:46,039 - 00:04:48,140at the end of the trackare five workers,7400:04:49,750 - 00:04:52,390the brakes dont work,the trolley car7500:04:52,680 - 00:04:55,900is about to careeninto the five and kill them.7600:04:56,000 - 00:05:00,860and now, youre not the driver,you really fe

18、el helpless7700:05:01,460 - 00:05:06,010until you noticestanding next to you,7800:05:06,289 - 00:05:12,390leaning over the bridgeis a very fat man.7900:05:15,669 - 00:05:22,460and you couldgive him a shove.8000:05:23,110 - 00:05:29,460he would fall over the bridgeonto the track right in the way8100:

19、05:29,669 - 00:05:33,360of the trolley car.he would die8200:05:33,690 - 00:05:35,910but he would spare the five.8300:05:36,490 - 00:05:42,950now, how many would pushthe fat man over the bridge?8400:05:43,120 - 00:05:44,860raise your hand.8500:05:48,440 - 00:05:50,150how many wouldnt?8600:05:51,349 -

20、 00:05:55,560most people wouldnt.heres the obvious question.8700:05:55,840 - 00:06:01,620what became of the principlebetter to save five lives8800:06:01,750 - 00:06:03,710even if it means sacrificing one?8900:06:03,810 - 00:06:07,260what became of the principlethat almost everyone endorsed9000:06:07

21、,469 - 00:06:10,660in the first case?i need to hear from someone9100:06:10,760 - 00:06:13,640who was in the majorityin both cases.9200:06:13,840 - 00:06:17,160how do you explainthe difference between the two? yes.9300:06:18,280 - 00:06:21,030the second one, i guess,involves an active choice9400:06:2

22、1,130 - 00:06:26,230of pushing a person downwhich i guess that person himself9500:06:26,460 - 00:06:29,890would otherwise not have beeninvolved in the situation at all.9600:06:30,219 - 00:06:37,280and so to choose on his behalf,i guess, to involve him9700:06:37,380 - 00:06:39,370in something that he

23、otherwise would have escaped is,9800:06:40,240 - 00:06:43,180i guess, more than whatyou have in the first case9900:06:43,320 - 00:06:47,260where the three parties,the driver and the two sets of workers,10000:06:47,590 - 00:06:50,310are already, i guess,in the situation.10100:06:50,930 - 00:06:53,210

24、but the guy working,the one on the track10200:06:53,390 - 00:06:56,030off to the side,he didnt choose10300:06:56,130 - 00:06:59,710to sacrifice his life any morethan the fat man did, did he?10400:07:02,349 - 00:07:05,050thats true, but he wason the tracks and.10500:07:05,200 - 00:07:09,090this guy w

25、as on the bridge.10600:07:10,700 - 00:07:13,700go ahead, you can come backif you want. all right.10700:07:14,049 - 00:07:17,140its a hard question. you did well.you did very well.10800:07:17,500 - 00:07:18,900its a hard question.10900:07:19,840 - 00:07:26,670who else can find a wayof reconciling the

26、 reaction11000:07:26,930 - 00:07:29,760of the majorityin these two cases? yes.11100:07:30,120 - 00:07:33,410well, i guess in the first casewhere you have the one worker11200:07:33,510 - 00:07:37,510and the five,its a choice between those two11300:07:37,739 - 00:07:39,310and you have to makea certain

27、 choice and people11400:07:39,549 - 00:07:41,410are going to diebecause of the trolley car,11500:07:41,690 - 00:07:43,310not necessarily becauseof your direct actions.11600:07:43,650 - 00:07:47,490the trolley car is a runaway thingand youre making a split second choice.11700:07:47,880 - 00:07:50,550

28、whereas pushing the fat man overis an actual act11800:07:50,750 - 00:07:52,270of murder on your part.11900:07:52,560 - 00:07:55,570you have control over thatwhereas you may not have control12000:07:55,770 - 00:07:57,290over the trolley car.12100:07:57,760 - 00:08:00,040so i think its a slightlydiffe

29、rent situation.12200:08:00,549 - 00:08:04,390all right, who has a reply?thats good. who has a way?12300:08:04,780 - 00:08:07,870who wants to reply?is that a way out of this?12400:08:09,380 - 00:08:10,790i dont think thatsa very good reason12500:08:10,960 - 00:08:13,800because you choose to-either wa

30、y you have to choose12600:08:13,960 - 00:08:16,850who dies because you eitherchoose to turn and kill the person,12700:08:17,010 - 00:08:19,780which is an actof conscious thought to turn,12800:08:19,880 - 00:08:21,970or you choose to pushthe fat man over12900:08:22,080 - 00:08:24,540which is also an

31、active,conscious action.13000:08:24,870 - 00:08:26,860so either way,youre making a choice.13100:08:28,060 - 00:08:29,740do you want to reply?13200:08:30,090 - 00:08:31,820im not really surethat thats the case.13300:08:31,919 - 00:08:32,860it just still seemskind of different.13400:08:33,120 - 00:08:

32、36,130the act of actually pushingsomeone over onto the tracks13500:08:36,280 - 00:08:40,120and killing him,you are actually killing him yourself.13600:08:40,360 - 00:08:41,850youre pushing himwith your own hands.13700:08:42,030 - 00:08:43,290youre pushing himand thats different13800:08:43,470 - 00:0

33、8:46,020than steering somethingthat is going to cause13900:08:46,240 - 00:08:47,940death into another.14000:08:48,199 - 00:08:51,100you know, it doesnt really sound rightsaying it now.14100:08:51,199 - 00:08:54,200no, no. its good. its good.whats your name?14200:08:54,360 - 00:08:55,140andrew.14300:

34、08:55,510 - 00:08:57,210andrew.let me ask you this question, andrew.14400:08:57,209 - 00:08:58,310yes.14500:08:59,270 - 00:09:04,940suppose standing on the bridgenext to the fat man,14600:09:05,310 - 00:09:07,980i didnt have to push him,suppose he was standing over14700:09:08,280 - 00:09:12,260a tra

35、p door that i could openby turning a steering wheel like that.14800:09:17,199 - 00:09:18,400would you turn?14900:09:18,860 - 00:09:22,460for some reason,that still just seems more wrong.15000:09:22,630 - 00:09:23,310right?15100:09:23,600 - 00:09:26,700i mean, maybe if you accidentallylike leaned int

36、o the steering wheel15200:09:27,100 - 00:09:28,900or something like that.15300:09:29,900 - 00:09:33,600but. or say thatthe car is hurtling15400:09:33,640 - 00:09:36,190towards a switchthat will drop the trap.15500:09:38,089 - 00:09:39,320then i could agree with that.15600:09:39,439 - 00:09:40,240tha

37、ts all right. fair enough.15700:09:40,300 - 00:09:44,100it still seems wrong in a waythat it doesnt seem wrong15800:09:44,260 - 00:09:45,990in the first case to turn, you say.15900:09:46,319 - 00:09:48,020and in another way, i mean,in the first situation16000:09:48,120 - 00:09:50,420youre involved d

38、irectlywith the situation.16100:09:50,680 - 00:09:52,490in the second one,youre an onlooker as well.16200:09:52,500 - 00:09:54,600all right. -so you have the choiceof becoming involved or not16300:09:54,890 - 00:09:56,020by pushing the fat man.16400:09:56,100 - 00:09:59,700all right. lets forget for

39、 the momentabout this case.16500:09:59,800 - 00:10:02,890thats good.lets imagine a different case.16600:10:03,120 - 00:10:06,140this time youre a doctorin an emergency room16700:10:06,510 - 00:10:09,700and six patientscome to you.16800:10:11,810 - 00:10:15,180theyve been in a terribletrolley car wre

40、ck.16900:10:18,740 - 00:10:20,680five of themsustain moderate injuries,17000:10:20,770 - 00:10:23,050one is severely injured,you could spend all day17100:10:23,199 - 00:10:27,420caring for the oneseverely injured victim17200:10:27,750 - 00:10:29,740but in that time,the five would die.17300:10:29,970

41、 - 00:10:32,250or you could look after the five,restore them to health17400:10:32,420 - 00:10:35,720but during that time,the one severely injured person17500:10:35,839 - 00:10:36,660would die.17600:10:36,839 - 00:10:40,980how many would save the five?now as the doctor,17700:10:41,199 - 00:10:42,880h

42、ow many would save the one?17800:10:44,640 - 00:10:48,390very few people,just a handful of people.17900:10:49,560 - 00:10:53,980same reason, i assume.one life versus five?18000:10:55,719 - 00:10:58,840now consider another doctor case.18100:10:59,319 - 00:11:04,010this time, youre a transplant surgeo

43、nand you have five patients,18200:11:04,290 - 00:11:07,670each in desperate needof an organ transplant18300:11:07,819 - 00:11:09,700in order to survive.18400:11:09,959 - 00:11:13,520one needs a heart,one a lung, one a kidney,18500:11:13,760 - 00:11:18,040one a liver,and the fifth a pancreas.18600:11

44、:19,100 - 00:11:27,100and you have no organ donors.you are about to see them die.18700:11:27,829 - 00:11:32,620and then it occurs to youthat in the next room18800:11:32,709 - 00:11:36,030theres a healthy guywho came in for a check-up.18900:11:39,870 - 00:11:49,100and hes you like that and hes taking

45、 a nap,19000:11:53,510 - 00:11:58,240you could go in very quietly,yank out the five organs,19100:11:58,400 - 00:12:02,760that person would die,but you could save the five.19200:12:03,699 - 00:12:11,200how many would do it?anyone? how many?19300:12:11,579 - 00:12:13,750put your hands upif you would d

46、o it.19400:12:18,270 - 00:12:20,440anyone in the balcony?19500:12:20,540 - 00:12:21,280i would.19600:12:21,510 - 00:12:24,860you would? be careful,dont lean over too much.19700:12:27,050 - 00:12:31,180how many wouldnt?all right. what do you say?19800:12:31,459 - 00:12:32,670speak up in the balcony,1

47、9900:12:32,770 - 00:12:36,090you who would yank outthe organs. why?20000:12:36,319 - 00:12:39,070id actually like to explore aslightly alternate possibility20100:12:39,300 - 00:12:41,820of just taking the oneof the five who needs an organ20200:12:42,170 - 00:12:45,230who dies first and usingtheir fo

48、ur healthy organs20300:12:45,329 - 00:12:47,060to save the other four.20400:12:50,000 - 00:12:56,800thats a pretty good idea.thats a great idea20500:12:58,110 - 00:13:01,170except for the factthat you just wrecked20600:13:01,449 - 00:13:04,040the philosophical point.20700:13:05,000 - 00:13:10,130let

49、s step back from these storiesand these arguments20800:13:10,569 - 00:13:14,830to notice a couple of thingsabout the way the arguments20900:13:14,930 - 00:13:17,280have begun to unfold.21000:13:17,480 - 00:13:22,720certain moral principleshave already begun to emerge21100:13:23,339 - 00:13:25,880fro

50、m the discussions weve had.21200:13:26,400 - 00:13:30,900and lets considerwhat those moral principles look like.21300:13:31,540 - 00:13:34,550the first moral principlethat emerged in the discussion21400:13:34,990 - 00:13:38,500said the right thing to do,the moral thing to do21500:13:39,069 - 00:13:4

51、4,690depends on the consequencesthat will result from your action.21600:13:45,810 - 00:13:49,180at the end of the day,better that five should live21700:13:49,329 - 00:13:51,610even if one must die.21800:13:52,310 - 00:13:57,880thats an exampleof consequentialist moral reasoning.21900:13:59,420 - 00:14:01,770consequentialist moral reasoninglocates morality22000:14:01,870 - 00:14:04,570in the conse