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1、英语词性的分类及用法一、词性的分类词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类英语名称作用例词名词Noun (缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称student 学生;China 中国代词Pronoun (pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He 他;that 那数词Numera 1 (nu m.)表示数量或顺序one ; first第一形容词Adjective ( adj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质safe 女全;great 伟大副词Adverb (adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动 作或形状的特性hard只艮苦;here 这里动词Verb (v.)

2、表示人或事物的动作或状态eat 吃;have 有冠词Article (art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an,a, the介词Prepositi on (prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系under 在. 下;in 在. 里连词Conjun cti on (conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和;but 但是感叹词In terject ion (in terj.)表示说话时的感情或口气Hello 喂;why 呃,嘿、名词名词专有名词普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法例词一般情况加-smap-map

3、s; bag-bags; car-cars以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watches以0结尾的词一般加-s,特殊加-espotato potatoes ; tomato tomatoes ; heroes以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加esbaby-babies其它名词复数的规则变化1) 以 y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加 s 变复数:如: two Marys the Henrysmonkey-monkeysholiday-holidays2) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时:a. 加 s ,如: bel

4、ief-beliefsroof-roofssafe-safesgulf-gulfs ;b. 去 f, fe 加 -ves ,如: half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves ;名词复数的不规则变化1) child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-menwoman-women2) 单复同形如:deer , sheep ,fish , Chinese ,Japanese3) 集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如: people p

5、olice cattle 等本身就是复数, 不能说 a people ,a police ,a cattle ,但可以说 a person ,a policeman , a head of cattle, the English,the British ,the French ,the Chinese ,the Japanese , the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。4 )以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:maths , politics , physics 等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 news 是不可数名词。名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加 s 来表示所有关系,带这

6、种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如: a teachers book 。 名词所有格的规则如下:1) 单数名词词尾加s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。2) 若名词已有复数词尾 -s ,只加 ,如: the workers struggle 工人的斗争。3) 凡不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song歌的名字。4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers 理发店。5) 如果两个名词并列,并且

7、分别有 s,则表示分别有”;只有一个s,则表示共有。如: Johns and Marys room (两间) John and Marys room (一间)6) 复合名词或短语, s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如: a month or twos absence三、代词人称代词、物主代词、反身代词表人称代词物主代词反身代词主格宾格形容词型名词型Imemymi nemyselfyouyouyouryoursyourselfhehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitselfweusouroursourselvesyouyouyouryour

8、syuorselvestheythemtheirtheirsthemselves人称代词的用法:I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her作主补)a. - Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了花瓶?b. - Me.-我。(me 作主语补语=Its me.)并列人称代词的排列顺序1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 第三人称 第一人称you he/she; it - I2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 第二人称 第三人称

9、we you They指示代词指示代词分单数(this / that )和复数(these / those )两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,疑问代词指人: who, whom, whose 指物: what既可指人又可指物:which代词比较辩异one, that和itone表示泛指,that和it表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而 it与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个 )I can

10、t find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物 )例题: The weather in Ch ina is differe nt from.A. i n America B. one in America C. America D. that in America答案:D.本题意为中国的天气比美国热。比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选 D。四、冠词不定冠词的用法 不定冠词 a (an) 与数词 one 同源,是 一个 的意思。定

11、冠词的用法定冠词 the 与指示代词 this , that 同源,有 那(这)个 的意思。1 )特指双方都明白的人或物: Take the medicine. 把药吃了。2 )上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house. Ive been to the house.3 )指世上独一物二的事物: the sun , the sky , the moon , the earth4 )单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元 ; the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人: the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5)用在序数词和形容词最高

12、级,及形容词only, very , same 等前面:Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school. 指全体教师 )They are teachers of this school.( 指部分教师 )7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm. 她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前: the Peoples Re

13、public of China 中华人民共和国9 )用在表示乐器的名词之前: She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the Greens 格林一家人 ( 或格林夫妇 )11) 用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon ,evening),the day after tomorrow ;the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water ,field ,country) ;in the dark, in the rai

14、n, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre零冠词的用法 冠词与形容词 + 名词结构1)两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。2)如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。冠词位置1)不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a. 位于下列形容词之后:such , what

15、, many ,half ,如: such an animal ; Many a manb. 当名词前的形容词被副词 as, so, too, how, however, enough 修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.c. quite , rather 与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当 rather , quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如: quite a lotd. 在 as , though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a

16、man though he is , he trembles at the sight of snakes.当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both ,double , half , twice , three times 等词之后,名词之前。All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。五、数词表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。数词的用法1)倍数表示法a. 主语 +谓语 +倍数(或分数) + as + adj. + as

17、I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。b. 主语 + 谓语 + 倍数(分数)+ the size (amount , length )of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的 49 倍。c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数) + 形容词(副词)比较级 + than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍The production of grain h

18、as been increased by four times this year.2 )分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子, 序数词代表分母。 分子大于 1 时,分子的序数词用单数, 分母序数词用复数: 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths例题: After the new technique was introduced , the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. astwice many B. as many twiceC. twice as manyD

19、. twice many as答案 C. 此句意为 这个厂 1988 能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍 。 表示倍数用 倍数+ as + 形容词原形 + as + 比较对 象 的句型。所以此句答案为 C 。This ruler is three times as long as that one六、形容词及其用法 形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以 -thing 为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后, 例如: something nice 以 -ly 结尾的形容词1 ) friendly , deadly , lovely , lonely , likely ,lively

20、, ugly , brotherly ,仍为形容词。2 )有些以 -ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily , weekly ,monthly ,yearly , earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人, 与谓语动词的复数连接。 如: the dead ,the living ,the rich ,the poor ,the blind , the hungry 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词 -数词 -描绘词 -(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色 )

21、 -出处-材料性质,类别 -名词a small round table ; a tall gray building ; a dirty old brown shirt ; a famous German medical school 典型例题 :1 ) Tony is going camping with _ boys.A. little two other B. two little otherC. two other little D. little other two 答案: C 。2) One day they crossed the bridge behind the palace

22、.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stoneC. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old 答案 A.3) How was your recent visit to Qingdao? It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案: B 。七、副词及其基本用法时间,地点副词,小

23、单位的在前,大单位在后。注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well eno ugh.There is eno ugh food for every one to eat. There is food eno ugh for every one to eat.兼有两种形式的副词1) close 与 closelyclose意思是近;closely意思是仔细地He is sitti ng close to me.Watch him closely.2) late 与 latelylate意思是晚;lately意思是最近Yo

24、u have come too late.What have you bee n doing lately?形容词与副词的比较级1)规则变化:单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾 -er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词未尾加 -er,-esttall(高的);great(巨大的)Taller ; greaterTallest ; greatest以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnice(好的);large(大的);able (有能力的)Nicer ; larger ;ablerNicest ; largest ; ablest以一

25、个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母, 再加-er, -estbig(大的);hot (热的)Bigger ; hotterBiggest ; hottest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,改y为 i,再加-er,-esteasy(容易的);busy(忙的)Easier ; busiereasiest ; busiest少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er, -estclever(聪明的);narrow(窄的)Cleverer ; n arrowerCleverest ; n arrowest其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加 more, most来构成比较级和最高级。im

26、portant(重要的);easily(容易地)more important ;more easilymost important ;most easily2)不规则变化原级比较级最高级good(好的);well(健康的)betterbestbad (坏的);ill(有病的)worseworstold (老的)older/elderoldest/eldestmuch/many(多的)moremostlittle(少的)lessleastfar (远的)farther/furtherfarthest/furthest可修饰比较级的词a bit, a little, rather, much, f

27、ar, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even典型例题:1) - Are you feeling?- Yes , rm fine now.A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better答案:B. any可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.2) The experiment waseasier than we had expected.A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案:C.

28、much可修饰比较级,因此 B , C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。3)If there were no exam in ati ons, we should haveat school.A. the happiest time B. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案: D。八、动词动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb )、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb ),缩写形式分别为 vt.和vi.

29、。系动词1) 状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有be 一词,例如:He is a teacher.2) 持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remai n, stay, lie, sta nd,例如:Healways kept sile nt at meet ing.他开会时总保持沉默。3) 表像系动词:用来表示 看起来像”这一概念,主要有 seem,即pear, look, 例如:He looks tired.他看起来很累。4) 感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sou nd, taste,例如:This ki nd of cl

30、oth feels very soft.This flower smells very sweet.5) 变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。6) 终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如:The search proveddifficult.搜查证实很难。非谓语动词1)不定式时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have done

31、to have bee n done2)动名词3)分词时态语态主动被动一般式doi ngbeing done完成式hav ing donehavi ng bee n done时态语态 主动被动一般式doingbeing donehavi ng bee n done否定形式:n ot +不定式,n ot + 动名词,not + 现在分词完成式hav ing done九、特殊词精讲stop doin g/to dostop to do停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. I must stop smok in

32、g.典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stoppedon a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. rest in gC. to restD. rest 答案:C。forget doin g/to doforget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.He forgot turning the light off

33、.典型例题-The light in the office is still on. - Oh , I forgot.A. turning it offB. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案:C。remember doin g/to doremember to do记得去做某事(未做)remember doing 记得做过某事(已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.Dont you remember see ing the man before?try

34、doin g/to dotry to do努力,企图做某事。try doing试验,试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.I tried garde ning but did nt succeed.go on doin g/to dogo on to do做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。 go on doing继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths ,he went on to do his physics.Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished

35、this one.十、连词连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。女口: and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however,for, hence, as well as, bothand, not only but also, either or, n eitherno 等等nd)the nnotbut 意思为不是而是not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。They were not the bones of an ani mal

36、, but (the bon es) of a huma n being.比较so和such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many , few , much , little连用,形成固定搭配。so + adj. such + a(n) + n.so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. (pl.)such +n. (pl.)so + adj. + n.不可数such +n.不可数so foolish ; such a foolso

37、 nice a flower ; such a nice flowerso many/ few flowers ; such nice flowersso much/little money ; such rapid progressso many people ; such a lot of people十一、介词介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代 词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语 或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,、概念1

38、)介词(是prepositions,简称prep),又称前置词,是英语中最活跃的词类之一,连接主语和表语。特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强,可以用来表示各种不同的意思。英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的。介词在句中一般不重读。在定语从句 介词+who/which”的结构中,不能用that代替who/which She is a good studentfrom who we should learn.2) 介词的种类 介词分简单介词和短语介词两种,简单介词及单个介词,如in ,un der ,on ,for ,after , 等,短语介词指多个单词构成的介词,女口in front of

39、,out of ,i nstead of ,far from ,apart from 等。二.相关知识点精讲介词口诀:自从以当为按照,由于对于为了到;和跟把比在关于,除了同对向往朝;用在名词代词前,修饰名代要记牢。1. 表示地点位置的介词1)at ,i n, on, toat (1)表示在小地方;(2)表示 在附近,旁边”in (1)表示 在大地方;表示 在范围之内”。on表示毗邻,接壤, 在上面”。to表示在范围外,不强调是否接壤;或 到”2)above, over, on在上above表示一个物体高过另一个物体,不强调是否垂直,与below相对;over 一个物体在另一个物体的垂直上方,与

40、under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。on表示一个物体在另一个物体表面上,并且两个物体互相接触。The bird is flying above my head.There is a bridge over the river.He puts his watch on the desk.3)below, un der 在下面under 表示在正下方 ;below 表示在下,不一定在正下方There is a cat un der the table.Please write your n ame below the line.4)i n fron t fra ntof, i

41、 n the front of 在前面in front of 意思是在前面”指甲物在乙物之前,两者互不包括;其反义词是behind (在的后面)。There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。)in the fro nt of 意思是 在.的前部”,即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of(在范围内的后部)。我们的教室前边有一块黑板。There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom.Our teacher stands in the front of the c

42、lassroom.我们的老师站在教室前 .(老师在教室里)5)beside , behindbeside 表示在旁边 ;behind 表示在后面2. 表示时间的介词1)in , on , at 在时in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one s life , in onethirties 等。on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如 on May 1st, on Mon day, on New Year s Day, on a cold ni ght in Jan uary, on a fine morning, on Sun dayafter noon 等。at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如 at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beg inning of, at t he end of ,at the age of ,at Christmas at ni ght, at noon, at this mome nt 等。注意:在 last

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