外文翻译原文--外商直接投资与产业结构调整和升级基于波兰出口的实证分析

1、外文翻译原文-外商直接投资与产业结构调整和升级基于波兰出口的实证分析 applied economics, 2002, 34, 207 217 foreign direct investment, industrial restructuring and the upgrading of polish exports ca m i l l a j e n s e n copenhagen business school, center fo r east european studies, howitzvej 60, dk-2000 , frederiksberg , denmark e-ma

2、il: cj.ceescbs.dk this paper poses a central question in relation to the economic-structura l evect of foreign direct investment fdi with polish manufacturin g as an empirical case: how fdi coincides with the technology intensity of polish exports . a short review of the available literature discuss

3、es critically the possibility of establishing one-sided cause-evect relationships between trade and fdi. subsequently the empirical analysis investigate s what role incoming fdi appears to have played in relation to polish export specialization over the period 1989 1996. results indicate that fdi ha

4、s avected positively the technology intensity of the polish export base . i . i n t r o d u c t i o n national ?rms can be viewed as underdevelope d in com- parison with accumulated ownership advantage s of ?rms there is a wide literature available addressing the economic in western europe. the trad

5、e and investment regime prior bene?cial evect from foreign direct investment fdi in the to 1989 was closed and marked by planning in the internal host country perspective for a survey see blomstrom, cmea trade . these historical factors continue to avect the 1991; lall, 1993 . a central question for

6、 countries hosting internationa l competitivenes s of products from transition multinationa l ?rms, and especially the less developed is countries . at the same time do factors such as the natural whether fdi can act as a catalyst to industrial restructur- resource base, the level of educational att

7、ainment and the ing of the manufacturin g base adding to their technological transfer of new machinery and know-how from western capabilities of the less developed countries lall, 1985 . europe hold some brighter promises toward the future newer literature on trade emphasises the relationship develo

8、pment of ?rms in the region? in view of their history between a countrys competitiveness , its export specializa- the transition countries face particular structural problems tion pattern s and its level of technological development where fdi can act as an important catalyst to techno- fagerberg, 19

9、94 . export specialization is one important logical development . because foreign ?rms are expected source of information towards evaluating the technological to implement new technologies and organizational competitivenes s of product s manufacture d by the ?rms structures aimed at managin g change

10、 at the level of the operating in a given country . ?rm. a structural view on export specialization and fdi is problems related to establishing cause-evect relation- forwarded by several authors on technological develop- ships and a far from perfect data material discussed ment in transition countri

11、es radosevic and dyker, 1996; subsequently limits the relevant research question to dyker, 1997; guerreri, 1998; kubielas, 1998; rojec, 1998 . the following: has fdi been undertaken in branches co- transition countrie s are analysed partly as a speci?c area inciding with technological upgrading of p

12、olish exports? of research also regarding international production . most the relationship between trade and fdi is discussed in of the national ?rms and institution s carry a socialist heri- section ii. data access is discussed in section iii. section tage , where among other the technological capa

13、bilities of iv is a descriptive analysis of poland s export specializa- applied economics issn 00036846 print/issn 14664283 online # 2002 taylor & francis ltd 207 doi: 10.1080/0003684001002564 1 208 c. jensen tion, and the position of fdi in that pattern . some simple ary being the development of ma

14、rketing and distribution models of export specialization are discussed in section v capability in the host country market or simply saving and subsequently applied on the available data in section trade costs . this type of fdi has no impact on the export vi. section vii concludes the chapter . spec

15、ialization from the viewpoint of the host country , and if any a negative evect, as it will mainly be exports from the home country that are promoted . oppositely, the invest- i i . t ra d e a n d f d i ment may purely serve to the vertical integration of activ- ities across national market s see i.

16、e. vernon, 1966 , where newer research emphasizing evects for home countries the functionality of the subsidiary is concentrated around illustrate s that the relationship between trade and fdi is advantageou s integration of the value added chain . this complex to account for blomstrom et al., 1988;

17、 graham, implies that some activities in the home country will be 1996; brenton, et al., 1998; narul a and wakelin, 1998 . closed down and moved to the host country relocation . empirical results demonstrate that fdi and exports viewed the motive is here based in other localization advantage s from

18、the home country are often complementary sizes. apart from local demand in the host country , such as access from the viewpoint of host countries the evect of fdi to cheap and/or skilled labour and natural resources . this on export specialization is also highly relevant . type of fdi is more likely

19、 to have an evect on the export multinational ?rms, when compared with their national pattern of the host country . counterpart s domestic ?rms in the same branch , are the impact of diverential functions and motives on the found to be more technology intensive as observed with trade pattern of the

20、host country are summarized in the capital and skill intensity at the ?rm-level caves, dunning 1994 . some of the conclusions are shown in 1996 . at the same time, multinationa l ?rms span e cient table 1. with trade specialization is here meant the relative networks for internationa l integration a

21、nd distribution de performance of exports of ?nal goods from the host coun- la torre, 1974 . consequently, multinationa l ?rms will try. if exports from the host country are motivated by often be found to participate under other precondition s existing location advantage s on the supply-side of the

22、and terms than their local counterparts , among other ?rm e.g. lower wage cost , there is little possibility that implying higher foreign trade both on the import and the export base will be upgraded in the direction of more export side. technology intensive activities and products . in a dynamic it

23、 may be di cult to generalize across individual ?rms development perspective such type of fdi is therefore less and especially branches . the oli-framework dunning, attractive from the viewpoint of the host country . 1981, 1994 , summarizing theories of internationa l produc- however, a number of fa

24、ctors imply that it may be di - tion in an economic-rational e perspective , demonstrate s cult in the real world to observe subsidiaries where such that subsidiaries may aim to serve the parent ?rm with pure types of fdi are relevant . diverent functions . such functionality relates to the motive f

25、irstly, the functionality of the subsidiary may be spelled behind the investment . the theory describes at least two out in a more complex way by the parent ?rm at the outset types of functions extremes . the investment may purely eden, 1991 . for example, the investment can involve serve to the hor

26、izontal integration of activities across mar- both vertical and horizontal integration at the same time. kets, whereby some activities in the home country are that is the case when the subsidiary is given a special prod- duplicated in the host country . the motive here is often uct mandat e in the i

27、nternationa l network . secondly, when market based with the speci?c functionality of the subsidi- investors enter through the acquisition of an existing ?rm it table 1. expected trade ev ects from div erent types of fdi in the hos t country perspective motive market-seeking resource-seeking1 strate

28、gic asset-seeking2 integration of horizontal vertical mixed value-added actitivities parent/subsidiary trade evects imports increasing none ambiguous exports none increasing ambiguous export-spec. decreasing increasing ambiguous 1: resource-seeking investments include both natural resource- and labo

29、ur-seeking investments 2: strategic asset-seeking investments typically involve acquisition of a local ?rms source: own adaptation based on dunning, 1994: 87. industrial restructing and the upgrading of polish exports 209 will typically imply that certain strategic resources are table 2. polish expo

30、rts to eu15 and other partner s acquired locally forsgren, 1989 . fdi through this channel in current us$ mio. percentage of total is shown in parenthesis is very common in the former socialist countries as priva- eu15 other total tization programme s quite commonly have been designed to attract str

31、ategic investors . thirdly, subsidiaries may be 1989 5,167.6 42 7,058. 5 58 12,226.1 more or less integrated in a global strategy articulated by 1992 8,504.3 66 4,373. 1 34 12,887.4 1996 16,115.5 66 8,274.4 34 24,389.9 the parent ?rm bartlett, 1986 . thereby the possibility arises that the subsidiar

32、y starts to gradually develop its source: united nations comtrade database, united nations, own strategy and aims also in regard to its foreign trade . geneva. finally, more dynamic approache s to subsidiary strategy underline that functionality not necessarily is stable over export data time, but r

33、ather involves learning processes for acquisition of knowledge about local conditions in the host country the trade data is taken from the united nations comtrade johanson and vahlne, 1977 . database and the united nations yearbook of a separate type of problem to this kind of analysis is internatio

34、nal trade statistics vol. ii . polish exports are the question of cause-evect relationship . it may be di cult juxtapose d with the total exports of europe1 whereby the to draw one-sided conclusions from fdi to export specia- external specialization pattern of poland can be estimated . lization naru

35、la and wakelin , 1998 . the observed evect of the trade data is from un sources quoted in current us$ fdi may be di cult to hold apart form prior processes of mio . at the sitc 3-digit level rev.2 which encompasses up specialization in the home and host countries historical to 235 product s for the

36、years covered . determinism . such problem s are especially prevalent in connection with the trade data it is important to note when discussing the complementarity and substitution the geographical restructuring of polish exports since 1989. between home country exports and fdi blomstrom as shown in

37、 table 2, eu15 market s are of increasing rele- et al., 1998; graham , 1996 . likewise it is true, that vance over the period analysed . this reects among other cumulative causation may be a problem towards separating the lower trade barriers negotiated between poland and the out the evects of fdi i

38、n the host country perspective . the european union with the initial europe agreement , analysis here is limited to investigatin g the relationship increasing trade liberalization with eu15 towards between export specialization of the host country poland polands expected accession in 2003 and the dr

39、amatic set and her incoming stock of fdi the outgoing stock of back in the internal cmea trade starting already before fdi is currently very small . but still, the incoming 1989 kundera, 1998 . compared for example with the stock of fdi may interact with circles for increasing and czech republic and

40、 hungary, the former cmea market s decreasing specialization cantwell, 1989 . with that in are still of relative high importance to polish exporters mind it is however still relevant to investigate in connection hoekman and djankov , 1996 . other analysis shows with which types of specialization pro

41、cesses that fdi that the branch distribution of polish exports on eu15 interacts. market s has been relatively stable over the period analysed, while there has been a strong shift in comparative advan- tage on former cmea market s ebrd, 1997; guerreri, 1998 . this implies that polish export speciali

42、zation on i i i . t h e d a t a eastern and western market s respectively is much more homogenou s in 1996 compared to 1989. the empirical analysis of the impact of fdi inows only on polish export specialization is based on trade data, data for fdi and data on the relative factor intensity fdi data of branches factor groups . a