语法专项复习

1、【语法专项复习】在英语句子中， 不同时间所发生的动作或存在的状态， 要使用不同的动词形式， 这一点和汉语不同，这种谓语动词的变化形式，称之为时态。现将本学期我们所学的时态总结如下，包括：现在完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成时，将来进行时，过去将来时等。一、现在完成时1.动词形式现在完成时由助动词have (has) + 动词过去分词构成。2.现在完成时的基本用法1)表示过去某时所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响。动作已经完成，但从结果看，又着眼 于现在。现在完成时不能和表示具体的过去时间的状语( 如yesterday, last year, in 1999 等 )连用，而常和以下表示不确定时间的状

2、语连用：already,before,recently, never, often,lately, yet, sometimes, twice,this week (month,morning,year等),ever, today, once 等等。Phillip has lost all his money.( 菲利浦失去了他所的钱。) I haventheard from my parents recently. ( 最近我没有收到父母的来信。) Joan hasnt finished reading myessay yet. ( 琼还没读完我的论文。 ) Have you had you

3、r supper yet?(你吃过晚饭了吗 ?) I have never seen such a moving film. ( 我从来没看过这么有趣的电影。 ) Ive had enough now. ( 我已经吃 或喝 够了。 )2)表示动作或状态开始于过去某一时间，持续到现在，并且有延续下去的趋势。常和表示 一段时间的状语连用： since, for a long time,up till now, up to now, so far, for the past (last) few years, these days(months, years)等。 Bogart has worked

4、 here for about five years. ( 布加特已在这儿工作五年了。)Up till now, Grace has received no news from her parents. (迄今为止，格雷丝尚未收到父母的消息。 )Nancy has been away for four years. ( 兰西已经离开四年了。)3)在时间状语和条件状语从句中，现在完成时表示将要完成的动作。Ill start as soon asthe rain has stopped.( 雨一停，我就出发。 ) Ill go and see my girl friend when I have

5、finished writing this book. ( 写完这本书之后， 我就去 看我的女朋友。 ) When I have studied the book Illwrite a report on it. ( 我研读完这本书之后，将写一个关于它的报告。 )4)现在完成时常用于下列句型：(1)It has been (is) + 一段时间+ sinceIt has been/is five years since he lived in Beijing. ( 他不住在北京已经五年了。)注意比较： It has been/is five years since he has lived i

6、n Beijing. ( 他住在北京已经五年了。)(2)It is (will be) the first (second)time (day)thatItimeistheIvefirstbeen here.(我是第一次来这儿。) It is the best film Ive ever seen.( 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。)注：1)表示 “到哪里去过 ”要用have (has) been to， 表示 “去什么地方了，尚未回来 ”用 have(has) gone to。 I have been to Paris several times. (我去过巴黎好几次。) ( 人已回来了 )M

7、ary has gone to New York.( 玛丽到纽约去了。) (玛丽人在去纽约的路上或在纽约)2) 瞬间动词用于完成时态时不能跟表示一段时间的状语。例如，我们要表达 “他的父亲去世好几年了。”不能说：grandfather has died forseveral years.而应该说：fathergrandfather His His has bee dead for several years. 或者： His grandfather died several years ago.或者： It is/ has been several years since his grandf

8、ather died.再如，我们不能用He has joinedthe army for three years. 来表达 “他参军三年了。”而应说：He has been in the army for threeyears.或者： He has been a soldier for three years. 或者： He joined the army three years ago. 也可以说It is/ has been three years since he joined the army.二、现在完成进行时1.动词形式现在完成进行时由have (has)+ been + 现在分词

9、构成。2.现在完成进行时的基本用法：1)表示动作从过去某时开始一直延续到现在，没有中断。Grace has been waiting for mefor half an hour.(格雷丝已经等我半小时了。 ) ( 动作尚在继续 ) The satellite has been sending back signals as well as photographs ever since. ( 自那时起卫星一 直不断地向地球发回信号和照片。 ) ( 动作尚在继续 ) Aaron has been teaching English ever since graduation. ( 毕业以后，艾伦一

10、直在教英语。 ) (还 在教 )2)表示动作从过去到现在一直不断重复、断断续续。colleagues these days. (这些天我一直在向我的同事们告to work hard since I went to school. (自从我上学之后，I have been saying good-bye to my 别。 ) My parents have been telling me 我的父 母亲不停地告诫我要好好学习。 )注：状态动词一般不用于现在完成进行时。若要表示动作的延续性，只能用现在完成时。3.现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别：1)现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性，而现在完成时则强调

11、过去的动作对现在的影响。I have thought it over.(我已经仔细考虑过这件事了。) I have been thinking it over. (我一直在反复考虑这件事。)2)现在完成进行时比现在完成时更具感情色彩。I have been waiting for you for two hours.(我已经等你两小时了。 ) ( 有责备的口气 ) I have waited for you two hours. ( 我已经等你两个小时了。 ) (说明一个客观事实 )三、过去完成时1.动词形式过去完成时由had + 过去分词构成2.过去完成时的用法1)表示在过去某个时间或动作之

12、前已经发生、完成的动作或存在的状态。I had workedas a worker for five yearsbefore I became a teacher. (在我成为教师之前，我已经当了五年的工人。) By the end of lastyear, Ihad already learnt 5,000 English words. ( 到去年年底，我已学会了5,000 个英文单词。 )2)动词的过去完成时可以用于表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事，常用的动词有： intend,hope, want, mean, suppose,expect, think等。I had intended t

13、o meet you at the airport, but someone came tosee me just when I was about to leave. (我本来要到机场去接你的，可在我出门时有人来看我。)I had wanted to lend you some money, but you didnt ask. ( 我本打算借你一些钱的，但你没开口。 )3)在有hardlywhen, no soonerthan 等副词的句中，也使用过去完成时，表示 “刚刚 就 ”， “一就 ”。 Hardlyhad I arrived home when it began to rain.

14、 ( 我刚刚到家，天就开始下起雨来了。) No sooner hadtheyleft the building than a bomb exploded. ( 他们刚刚离开那栋建筑，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。)4)过去完成时还用于下面句型中It was the first time that。 It was the first time that Idseen such a beautiful place. (那是我第一次见到这么美的地方。) It was the first Hollywood filmIhad ever seen in America. ( 那是我在美国观看的第一部好莱坞电影。 )

15、3.过去完成时和一般过去时的区别：过去完成时表示的时间是“过去的过去 ”，一般都有相比较的动作和相对时间。而一般过去时表示的时间只是单纯的过去，没有时间的对比。When I got to the airport, the plane hadalready takenoff. ( 当我赶到机场时，飞机已经起飞了。 ) The plane took off five minutes ago. (飞机在五分钟前起飞了。 ) Iwent to bed after I had finished reading the interesting novel. ( 读完那本有趣的小说之后，我就上床睡觉了。 )

16、 He told me that Sony Corporation had bought Columbia Pictures for$5 billion. ( 他告诉我索尼 公司花了 50 亿美元收购了哥伦比亚影业公司。 )二、将来进行时1.动词形式将来进行时由shall (will) + be +现在分词构成。2.将来进行时的用法：1)表示将来某个时刻正在进行的或持续的动作。We willbe visitingthe Great Wall thistimetomorrow. ( 明天这个时候我们将正在游览长城。)Ill be conducting a scientificexperiment

17、 this June. ( 今年六月份我将在进行一项科学试验。)2)表示委婉的命令、询问、请求等。Will you be going to the movies with me tonight?(你今晚愿意和我去看电影吗?) Youll be coming at six oclock. ( 请你在6 点钟来。3.将来进行时和一般将来时的区别1)一般将来时不仅表示 “将来 ”，还可表示 “意志、意愿 ”等。而将来进行时则只表示单纯的 将来。 Ill try my best to workhard. (我将尽全力努力学习。 ) ( 表意愿 ) Ill be studying English nex

18、t semester. ( 下学期我将在学英语。 )(表单纯未来 )2)一般将来时的动作发生在将来某个时间，而将来进行时的动作发生在某个具体的时刻。Ill write a letter to my parentstomorrow. ( 明天我要给父母写封信。 ) Ill be writing a letter to my parents this time tomorrow. ( 明天这时候，我将在给父母写信。 )三、过去将来时1.动词形式过去将来时由should (would) +动词原形构成。2.过去将来时的用法：1)表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在状态。Grace told me that she would marryme the nextyear. (格雷丝告诉我她明年和我结婚。) I promised that I would be kind to her in the future.(我承诺将来我会对她好。)2)表示过去的某种习惯性动作，一般只用would ，不用she wouldturn to me for help. ( 每当她有困难，她总会向我求助。)sho