maggie雅茹小姜老师公开课的笔记完整版

1、目录outline of lecture 221.读题注意的问题32.抽象词:命题时有大量抽象词33.绝对用语44.情态用语6outline of lecture 371.上节课复习82. 表程度和数量的词83.什么是对比元素104.什么是评价标准115.什么是未声明的假设12outline of lecture 413 q1: 新gre issue如何读题（总结）？131.1抽象词131.2绝对用语131.3表情态的词131.4表数量程度的词131.5表对比的词141.6评价标准141.7未声明假设14 q2: issue如何布局？15 q3: issue如何开头？16写引子 hook16主

2、旨句 thesis statement17 q4: issue如何展开？17 q5: issue如何结尾？18outline of lecture 518 q2: 如何限定题目讨论范围？19 q3: 什么叫题目背景?20 q4: 如何有效地举例子？21举例子用语21 q5: 如何使用因果展开？22因果展开：除了because of还可以用变换用词22 q6: 如何让步展开？23outline of lecture 624q1: issue如何展开？ （回顾） ？24 q2: 如何提出批判性问题？：用提问方法丰富句式26 q3: 如何提出其他意见?：出现only 和best27q4: 升华题目观

3、点？:必须要有28 q5: 什么是具体情况具体分析？（写作要求consider ways）29outline of lecture 730 q1: 如何攻击对立观点？（重要）30 q2: 如何权衡利弊?32 q3: 怎样评价逻辑关系？claim: reason: 33 q4: 什么是推演结果？34 q5: issue如何展开？ （回顾总结） ？34分析几道高频题目35outline of lecture 837 q1: issue如何读题（回顾）？37 q2: issue文章如何确定立场？39 q3: issue如何展开（回顾）39 q4: issue如何论点布局？39 q5: 从读题到论点布

4、局（总结）。40outline of lecture 941写作要求特点关键词第一类写作要求考虑具体情况consider ways第二类写作要求反击对立论点address/ challenge第三类写作要求分析建议利弊advantageous第四类写作要求分析逻辑链claim/ reason第五类写作要求观点选择some/ others第六类写作要求推演政策结果policy/ consequencesoutline of lecture 2 q1: issue读题注意什么？ q2: 什么是抽象词？ q3: 什么是绝对用语? q4: 什么是情态用语？ q5: 什么是否定用语？1. 读题注意的问题

5、2. 抽象词:命题时有大量抽象词从公平性角度考量，为保证所有考生都能够有话可说，考生会发现ets在命题时尽量在使用抽象词，这样不管来自什么专业背景的学生都可以从自己的角度探讨。【新91题】the primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase peoples efficiency so that they have more leisure time.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree wit

6、h the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain科技的确可以节省时间，闲暇时间。科技进步导致身体健康发展，寿命延长，更多生命去休闲。更多科技技术为了迎合娱乐休闲需求，例如爱迪生。但并不是完全的题目观点过于绝对。“首要目标”一定是为了休闲时间吗？

7、基础研究为了好奇，推动人类科学技术发展，例如伽利略，maxwell在通信领域的推动作用。（升华）确实技术让人民有更多闲暇，但也有更多繁忙。科技导致人与人之间隔阂，人与自然的隔阂【新18题】the well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoni

8、ng for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.民众的质疑对社会的发展、人类的发展都有重要的意义。很多信息稂莠不齐，民众要质疑，不盲从。南非选举权，妇女选举权，通信婚姻。科技被质疑所推动，哥白尼质疑地心说。如果题目没有限定用哪种形式

9、进行质疑，社会有可能会混乱（question此词不具完备性），例如用以牙还牙。好的非暴力方法：圣经中一句，发展此方法甘地，昂山素季深刻升华：不是为了质疑而质疑，是为了真理。为了保证社会进步，民众要培养独立思考，不盲从3. 绝对用语以下词重要【新13题】universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree

10、 or disagree with the claim. in developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.攻击对立观点 二类学习专业以外的问题有好处：学科交叉，相互借鉴。解析几何，物理化学，地球化学，很多问题需要用各种学科知识解决。例如温室效应：气候学，经济学的合作解决从个人生活角度：如果选修更多课程，压力会更大。但也可以使课外选修课找到自

11、己的兴趣所在，让自己生活更丰富多彩，结交朋友。学校不能要求学生选择怎样的课。剥夺选择的自由，增加了学生的学费负担。课堂教学有缺陷，知识的获得不仅只能在课堂上【新10题】nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and

12、explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.梭罗 国家公园定义一下wilderness areas有助于保护自然资源：黄石，黄山，加拿大banfu（荒原法出现后有利于国家公园出现，所以wilderne

13、ss areas可以认为是国家公园，抽象词）资源的保护是为了更好的开发利用自然资源升华：从世界角度，原生态的保护也并没有解决自然生态问题：美国把自然资源负担给了发展中国家。原生态保护是人类的短浅认识【新6题】a nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the

14、recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.国家统一的课程存在合理性：大学前的通识教育，有助于学生学习基本竞

15、争力，即使是来自落后地方。有助于学生转学学习，对于学校教授减少负担反击：虽然保证教育公平性。真正教育应该以人为本，因材施教。各个地区都有亚文化，统一文化会有损亚文化的传承。即便不谈其弊端，题目还是过于极端。“all”：不太可能包括聋哑儿童，天才儿童，残障儿童。【观点暧昧？】先让步，但还是批判部分。大背景小部分批判【新28题】the surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general w

16、elfare of its people.write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and e

17、xplain how these considerations shapeyour position.国民的安乐的确体现了国家的强大。可以用中国古代思想家的语句。民以食为天，民众如果食不果腹即便如此，很多伟大的国家，还是留下很多军事科技政治上面的成就：文艺复兴意大利，亚历山大大帝，成吉思汗，雅典升华：民众安乐保障科技艺术成就。一些极端的情况：日本军国主义，德国纳粹主义4. 情态用语require 比较极端【新1题】as people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to thin

18、k for themselves will surely deteriorate.（有官方范文）write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. in developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might o

19、r might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.核武器 克隆研究：调整人类底线【新8题】claim: in any fieldbusiness, politics,education, governmentthose in power shouldstep down after five years.reason: the surest path to success for anyenterprise is revitalization through newleadership.w

20、rite a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim and thereason on which that claim is based.有很多政界成功人士，例如撒切尔夫人，普京等等都是政界的常青树。任期过短的领导会有很多弊端，会导致政策不稳定，浪费资源，长期任务不了了之。会把很多好的领导拒之门外【新2题】to understand the most importantcharacteristics of a society, one must study it

21、smajor cities.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or mightnot hold true and explain how t

22、hese considerationsshape your position.城市发展：古代多数是城市的发展兴起，古罗马等等。推动了文化交流。但是西方文化成为主流之后，把亚文化侵蚀了。在高度发达的城市很难找到自己城市的特征，反而在乡村可以找到很多重要的文化。【新6题】a nation should require all of itsstudents to study the same national curriculumuntil they enter college.outline of lecture 3 q1: issue读题注意什么（回顾）？ q2: 什么是表程度和数量的词？ q3

23、: 什么是对比元素? q4: 什么是评价标准？ q5: 什么是未声明的假设？1. 上节课复习2. 表程度和数量的词【新132题】some people believe that our ever increasinguse of technology significantly reducesour opportunities for human interaction. other peoplebelieve that technology provides us with new andbetter ways to communicate and connect with oneanoth

24、er.write a response in which you discuss which view moreclosely aligns with your own position and explain yourreasoning for the position you take. in developing andsupporting your position, you should address both of theviews presented.significantly reduces：why not gently.两类观点题：是否矛盾？complex thinking

25、/critical thinking 交流有很多种：人与社会，人与自然。两种观点提到的交流的定义不必局限住statement 新的交通交流技术前所未有地改变我们的交流方式，促进整个人类文化的融合。但不得否认的是，人与人深刻的交流变得单薄段一：新的通讯给人们带来前说未有的交流方式：3g手机等等。点击之间发现世界的美，收到来自世界每个地方的信息。载体丰富：声音文字图片视频。technology可以说交通技术：飞机，卫星通信使人们的距离日益拉近段二：新技术促进人类文化的交融。微博，世界资讯。地方冲突都是来自信息不通，和平段三：新的技术使节奏变得越来越快，不愿意和真实的人交流。更重要的是人与人的交流，

26、人与自然的交流在不断地分离。人的本性是自然的（这是最后升华一下）【新9题】in any field of endeavor, it is impossible tomake a significant contribution(抽象) without first beingstrongly influenced by past achievements(抽象) within thatfield.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement and

27、explain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or might nothold true and explain how these considerations shapeyour position.段一：很多学科的确需要站在前人的肩膀上：例如牛顿站在哥白尼 又如瓦特，是蒸汽机的改进者。又如爱迪生，了解别人的专利，学习别人的经验，避免前人的错误。段二

28、：但很多成就是受到别的学科的影响，特别是交叉学科。笛卡尔：解析几何。经济学+心理学。段三：还有很多学术是开拓了新的领域的，前无古人后无来者。爱因斯坦相对论，牛痘的疫苗。达尔文物种起源，推出崭新的领域。【新8题】claim: in any fieldbusiness, politics,education, governmentthose in power should stepdown after five years.reason: the surest path to success for anyenterprise is revitalization through new leade

29、rship.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim and thereason on which that claim is based.虽然我们不得不承认但是有失段一：题目出发点好，长期任职导致体制僵持，任人唯亲，有失公平。段二：但题目过于绝对。为什么是五年？不是四年三年？很多政界的常青书。任期过短的领导人不好。很多有能力的领导人可以连任的。如果领导层频繁的更迭，会导致人心涣散，任务不连续新手3. 什么是对比元素新手vs专家 【新93题】unfo

30、rtunately, in contemporary society,creating an appealing image has become moreimportant than the reality or truth behind that image.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and

31、supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or might nothold true and explain how these considerations shapeyour position.【哪一个更重要？】段一：快节奏使人们注重外在：整形plastic surgry ，包装，过度包装的礼品（中国的传统拿出来）。但不代表内在不重要段二：对于一个企业来说，如果注重包装的话，他的本质很快就会被识破。不注重质量和产品服务的企业 又如政客。又如个人：路遥知马力日久见人心（英语是）

32、交友的时候认识不到朋友的内心段三升华：真正流芳百世的艺术，人。好的音乐，billiboard ，命运交响曲。书籍：畅销榜上的，真正的好书，莎翁的悲喜剧，战争与和平。人：好的政客并不是油嘴滑舌甘地（穿破布），海伦凯勒要看书的人物资料【新123题】the best way for a society to prepare itsyoung people for leadership in government, industry,or other fields is by instilling in them a sense ofcooperation, not competition.write

33、 a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim. indeveloping and supporting your position, be sure toaddress the most compelling reasons and/or examplesthat could be used to challenge your position.竞争与合作段一：成功的领导需要竞争，竞争无处不在。达尔文物种竞争。竞争的前提是有平等参与的机会。段二：成功的领导也必须有

34、合作的精神。合作无处不在。人多，更多的方法，取得更大的成功。企业间的合作，绿色环保汽车，通用与奔驰。政府间的合作，破案，跨国犯罪，反恐领域段三升华：两者都不可或缺。竞争是为了更好的合作，只。合作是为了更好的竞争。 全球艾滋病的通力研究，为了与病魔竞争，4. 什么是评价标准事物好坏优缺【新28题】the surest indicator of a great nation isrepresented not by the achievements of its rulers,artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of itspeop

35、le.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or might nothold true and explain how these consid

36、erations shapeyour position.great nation 的评价标准是什么？民众安乐，艺术家的成就？段一：中国的名言：民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。the people are the most important element of the nation, the spirit of the land and the grain are the next, the sovran is the lightest. 民以食为天 the food is the first necessarily for man. 民可载舟，亦可覆舟。the water that bear t

37、he boat is the same that %&*&* 段二：很多国家留下了精彩的文明。亚历山大大帝，拿破仑，文艺复兴事情的意大利。只有国民安居乐业才：【新30题】teachers salaries should be based ontheir students academic performance.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim. indeveloping and supporting your position, be su

38、re toaddress the most compelling reasons and/or examplesthat could be used to challenge your position.评价老师的薪水段一：有其合理性。可以调动教师积极性，学生成绩也代表老师的教学的段二：单一地以成绩评价是有风险的。助长高分低能的应试，不利益素质教育。其实并不提高老师的质量，不愿意分析合作交流气氛段三：更好更综合的方法：贡献，学历，家长评价，peer review5. 什么是未声明的假设【新15题】educational institutions should activelyencourage

39、 their students to choose fields of studythat will prepare them for lucrative careers.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the claim. indeveloping and supporting your position, be sure toaddress the most compelling reasons and/or examplesthat could be u

40、sed to challenge your position.我：choose=learn？老师：有人调查了什么领域就一定学了就赚钱了吗？段一：热门领域变冷门了，就变得不赚钱了。即便可以被预测，也不应鼓励，学校是民族良知，不染尘俗。电磁学虽然开头不被看好，后来却推动了整个【新90题】educators should take students interestsinto account when planning the content of thecourses they teach.write a response in which you discuss the extent to wh

41、ichyou agree or disagree with the recommendation andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, describespecific circumstances in which adopting therecommendation would or would not be advantageousand explain how these examples shape your position.uns

42、tated assumption:学生都清楚自己的兴趣？老师可以并有精力去发现吗？有能力去满足？（类argue）outline of lecture 4 q1: 新gre issue如何读题（总结）？ q2: issue如何布局？ q3: issue如何开头？ q4: issue如何展开？ q5: issue如何结尾？400+ 500+ 600+词 q1: 新gre issue如何读题（总结）？先读写作要求 引用书上reference 换个说法1.1抽象词ets命题尽量使用抽象词来保证公平。定义抽象词并讨论它的范围，可以完成30min的作文高度的限定1.2绝对用语所有？每一位？ 要对立场绝对进

43、行批判1.3表情态的词will 有100%的确定性；“应该”也有强烈的情感1.4表数量程度的词significant way；strongly1.5表对比的词morethan:两者可能不是对立的，是相辅相成的1.6评价标准什么是伟大的人？伟大的国家？成绩怎么衡量？1.7未声明假设 take it for granted 观点摇摆vs观点明确【新18题】the well-being of a society is enhancedwhen many of its people question authority.write a response in which you discuss the

44、 extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your position, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or might nothold true and explain how these considerations shapeyour position.well-being:民众成就？

45、军事？question：口头质疑？暴力质疑？non violate:甘地，曼德拉，昂山素季authority:政治的，信仰的。 统治现代民众的三大类枷锁宗教、科学（科学乌托邦科学技术可以解决一切）、政法（强制性的约束）【新13题】universities should require every studentto take a variety of courses outside the students fieldof study.write a response in which you discuss the extent to whichyou agree or disagree w

46、ith the claim. in developing andsupporting your position, be sure to address the mostcompelling reasons and/or examples that could be usedto challenge your position.段一：专业选修课好处段二：“should”?为什么一定要要求？放权给每个学生decision making；大学的民主精神。“every”身体上的残疾学生要区别对待。英国的议论文喜欢在结尾concession，美国喜欢在开头。【新1题】as people rely mo

47、re and more ontechnology to solve problems, the ability ofhumans to think for themselves will surelydeteriorate.write a response in which you discuss the extent towhich you agree or disagree with the statement andexplain your reasoning for the position you take. indeveloping and supporting your posi

48、tion, you shouldconsider ways in which the statement might or mightnot hold true and explain how these considerationsshape your position.technology:好的技术，不好的技术=关于issue的题目分析部分完= q2: issue如何布局？you are free to organize and develop your response(形式任意) inany way that you think will effectively communicate

49、your position(明确立场：同意题目的背景，同意题目的出发点，理解背景，不同意他的绝对用语，不能说同意同意，不同意什么，抠每个字眼) on the issue and address the specifictask instructions(非常重要，要先看，应对专门写作要求，不能随便写). your response may, but need not,incorporate particular writing strategies learned inenglish composition or writing-intensive collegecourses. gre re

50、aders will not be looking for aparticular developmental strategy or mode ofwriting(太扯); in fact, when gre readers are trained, theyreview hundreds of analyze an issue responses that,although highly diverse in content and form, displaysimilar levels of critical thinking and persuasivewriting. (from e

51、ts)you should use as many or as few paragraphs as youconsider appropriate for your argumentfor example,you will probably need to create a new paragraphwhenever your discussion shifts to a new cluster ofideas. what matters is not the number of examples,the number of paragraphs, or the form your argum

52、enttakes but, rather, the cogency of your ideas about theissue and the clarity and skill with which youcommunicate those ideas to academic readers.(from ets) q3: issue如何开头？开头段落（opening paragraph）包括两部分内容：“hook”和“thesis statement”正文段落（body paragraph）通常包括两部分内容：“topic sentence”和“supporting evidence(deve

53、lopment)”（+表过渡和表总结的）结尾段落（concluding paragraph）包括两部分内容：“reminder of thesis statement”和“final remarks”readers will see, for example, some analyze an issueresponses at the 6 score level that begin by brieflysummarizing the writers position on the issue andthen explicitly announcing the main points to b

54、eargued. they will see others that lead into the writersposition by making a prediction, asking a series ofquestions, describing a scenario, or defining criticalterms in the quotation. (from ets)写引子 hook假想场景（describe a scenario）:想象一下未来几年描述背景（introduce the background）：学生定义关键词（define key terms）：题中的tec

55、hnology在我眼里是xxoo提问题（ask questions）:不是随便提，是后面要解决的问题引用（offer a quotation）：牛顿说xxoo；写作参考有1000句名言，有介绍人物评价题目（qualify an issue statement）：哪个词，绝对用语不好讲故事（tell a story）：不善用提出反面论点（raise opposing points）money makes the world go round. sadly, thisfamous quotation frequently rings all-too-true.quotathe statements accuracy depends on the category.legitimate political leadership must, by definition, servethe citizenry, but the same cant be said for business ormilitary leadership.很好，评价，一看就知道是分类讨论，case by case主旨句 thesis